Sexual Activity of Male and Female Prisoners in Prison and The Impact on Sexual Orientation - A Systematic Review

The current study examined the impact of vocational education and training in the custody setting on returns to custody among Australian adult prisoners from selected jurisdictions. Vocational education and training, education, and behavioural change programme participation in custody and demographic and risk assessment data were provided by correctional services in four Australian states for 10,834 Australian prisoners released from custody in 2010–2011. This information was used to predict returns to custody by 2015–2016. Overall, the results showed that participating in vocational education and training in custody contributed to the likelihood of remaining custody free at two and five years post-release for both male and female prisoners. However, for males the relationship was moderated by risk level. These findings are discussed in the context of developing vocational education and training in prison settings to address the specific needs of individuals and expectation of the wider community.

Download Full-text

Comparing Sex-Specific Outcomes After Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Patellar Instability: A Systematic Review

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211058170 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 232596712110581

Author(s):

A.J. Fancher ◽

A.J. Hinkle ◽

M.L. Vopat ◽

K. Templeton ◽

A. Tarakemeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Systematic Reviews ◽

Patellar Instability ◽

Ligament Reconstruction ◽

Medial Patellofemoral Ligament ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Patients ◽

Secondary Purpose ◽

The Impact

Background: The impact of patient sex on outcomes after medial patellofemoral ligament ligament reconstruction (MPFLR) has not been well studied. Purpose: To conduct a systematic review to determine sex-based differences in outcomes after MPFLR for patellar instability and the proportion of studies examining this as a primary or secondary purpose. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review was performed using the PubMed, Cochrane Library, PubMed Central, Ovid, and Embase databases according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies were included if they were written in English, were performed on humans, consisted of patients who underwent MPFLR with allograft or autograft, evaluated at least 1 of the selected outcomes comparing male and female patients, and had statistical analysis available for relevant findings. Excluded were case reports, review studies or systematic reviews, studies that did not evaluate at least 1 sex-specific outcome, studies that included other injuries associated with patellofemoral instability injury, cadaveric studies, and those in which patients underwent concomitant procedures. Results: The initial search yielded 3470 studies; 2647 studies remained after removing duplicates. Of the 401 studies that underwent full-text review, 10 met all inclusion criteria and were included for quantitative analysis. A meta-analysis could not be performed given the heterogeneity within the data set. Of the 2647 studies evaluated in this study, only 2 (0.08%) studies examined the impact of patient sex on MPFLR outcomes as a primary purpose and only 8 (0.30%) studies explored it as a secondary purpose. Conclusion: Only 0.38% of the articles compared outcomes between male and female patients after MPFLR. The limited data available were too heterogenous to draw any concrete conclusions about the impact of patient sex on outcomes after MPFLR. Further research in this area is warranted, as findings may influence treatment plans and improve patient outcomes.

Download Full-text

The Need to Act: Incest as a Crime Given Low Priority—A View with India as an Example

Social Sciences ◽

10.3390/socsci10040142 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 142

Author(s):

Peter Choate ◽

Radha Sharan

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Social Norms ◽

Sexual Activity ◽

Google Scholar ◽

Actual Frequency ◽

Common Event ◽

Religion And Law ◽

The World ◽

The Impact ◽

Academic Search

Background: Incest is a form of sexual activity that occurs within family or kinship systems. It is prohibited by religion and law in most countries as well as by social mores or taboos. Data from various parts of the world indicate, however, that it appears to be a relatively common event, although there is reason to believe that the actual frequency is unknown. Most available data focus upon children as victims, although we note that incest also occurs between adult family members. Methods: A systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines. With a focus upon India, the search tools of Academic Search Complete, Google Scholar and PUBMED were used to identify articles that legally defined incest; frequency; barriers to disclosure; the dynamics of incest and social norms. Results: The available data were very limited, making a systematic review unachievable within the narrow confines of incest. Conclusions: The literature is sparse. This led to a discussion of definitional issues; barriers to disclosure; and challenges with measuring the problem of incest and the impact of social norms. Questions of law and efforts at reform were also considered. The article considers what steps might be appropriate.

Download Full-text

Sexual Orientation Identity Development Milestones Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.753954 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

William J. Hall ◽

Hayden C. Dawes ◽

Nina Plocek

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Sexual Orientation ◽

Identity Development ◽

Sexual Activity ◽

Coming Out ◽

Romantic Relationship ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Sexual Orientation Identity ◽

The Mean

This paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis on sexual orientation identity development milestones among people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or another sexual minority identity (LGB+). Common milestones measured in the 30 studies reviewed were becoming aware of queer attractions, questioning one’s sexual orientation, self-identifying as LGB+, coming out to others, engaging in sexual activity, and initiating a romantic relationship. Milestones occurred in different sequences, although attraction was almost always first, often followed by self-identification and/or sexual activity; coming out and initiating a romantic relationship often followed these milestones. Meta-analysis results showed that the mean effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals varied by milestone: attraction [Mage=12.7 (10.1, 15.3)], questioning one’s orientation [Mage=13.2 [12.8, 13.6]), self-identifying [Mage=17.8 (11.6, 24.0)], sexual activity [Mage=18.1 (17.6, 18.6)], coming out [Mage=19.6 (17.2, 22.0)], and romantic relationship [Mage=20.9 (13.2, 28.6)]. Nonetheless, results also showed substantial heterogeneity in the mean effect sizes. Additional meta-analyses showed that milestone timing varied by sex, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and birth cohort. Although patterns were found in LGB+ identity development, there was considerable diversity in milestone trajectories.

Download Full-text

Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Brain Differences as a Function of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation: A Systematic Review of the Human Neuroimaging Literature

10.20944/preprints202006.0330.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alberto Frigerio ◽

Lucia Ballerini ◽

Maria Del C. Valdés Hernández

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Sexual Orientation ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Human Sexuality ◽

Hormonal Treatment ◽

Small Sample ◽

Small Samples ◽

Opposite Sex ◽

The Impact

Human sexuality is a complex reality, including gender identity and sexual orientation. A widespread approach to study human sexuality is to compare groups with opposite sexual approaches such as cisgenders vs transgenders and heterosexuals vs homosexuals. Neuroimaging studies have found brain differences between these groups of individuals. Nevertheless, they reported conflicting results and limitations such as small samples’ sizes and the considerable overlap between such groups makes it difficult to draw accurate conclusions. This systematic review explored structural, functional and metabolic features of the ‘cisgender brain’ compared with the ‘transgender brain’ before hormonal treatment and the ‘heterosexual brain’ compared to the ‘homosexual brain’ from the analysis of the neuroimaging literature up to 2018. Our main aim is to help identifying biological brain features that have been related to human sexuality to contribute to the understanding of the biological elements involved in gender identity and sexual orientation. Our results suggest that the majority of neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and neurometabolic features in transgender individuals resemble those of their natal sex rather than those of their experienced gender and in homosexual individuals these resemble those of their same sex heterosexual population rather than their opposite sex heterosexual population. However, it is always difficult to interpret null findings with non-invasive neuroimaging. Given the gross nature of these measures, it is still possible that there are differences that are too subtle to measure with available tools yet have the impact of contributing to gender identity and sexual orientation. Moreover, conflicting results, also contributed to the impossibility of identifying specific brain features which consistently differ between cis- and transgender nor between hetero- and homosexual groups. The small number of studies, the small sample size of each study, and the heterogeneity of the investigations made impossible to meta-analyse all the data extracted. Further studies are necessary to increase the understanding of the neurological substrate of human sexuality.

Download Full-text