Nowadays, online services, like e-commerce or streaming services, provide a personalized user experience through recommender systems. Recommender systems are built upon a vast amount of data about users/items acquired by the services. Such knowledge represents an invaluable resource. However, commonly, part of this knowledge is public and can be easily accessed via the Internet. Unfortunately, that same knowledge can be leveraged by competitors or malicious users. The literature offers a large number of works concerning attacks on recommender systems, but most of them assume that the attacker can easily access the full rating matrix. In practice, this is never the case. The only way to access the rating matrix is by gathering the ratings (e.g., reviews) by crawling the service’s website. Crawling a website has a cost in terms of time and resources. What is more, the targeted website can employ defensive measures to detect automatic scraping. In this paper, we assess the impact of a series of attacks on recommender systems. Our analysis aims to set up the most realistic scenarios considering both the possibilities and the potential attacker’s limitations. In particular, we assess the impact of different crawling approaches when attacking a recommendation service. From the collected information, we mount various profile injection attacks. We measure the value of the collected knowledge through the identification of the most similar user/item. Our empirical results show that while crawling can indeed bring knowledge to the attacker (up to 65% of neighborhood reconstruction on a mid-size dataset and up to 90% on a small-size dataset), this will not be enough to mount a successful shilling attack in practice.
RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW
