scholarly journals The Distributional Effects of Water Quantity Management Strategies: A Spatial Analysis

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Duke ◽  
Robert W. Ehemann ◽  
John Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Distributional Effects

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW ON EMERGING WATER SCARCITY CHALLANGE IN PAKISTAN, ITS CONSUMPTION, CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Saba Malik ◽  
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Umair Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Waqas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Moment ◽  
High Level

Around two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered with water, it is obvious that water is among the most significant aspects that are essential for the life of human being. It is not only important to live, but also important to take a part in social and financial development. Water is God’s personalized gift, as well as the necessity of life. Due to high level of gluttony, misused play of people with the environment and the global climate, shift results in progressive diminishing of natural resources. The problems of freshwater and food security at global level linked to the overwhelming population of the world. To overcome the food and water scarcity challenge, there is required to transfer the freshwater from agriculture sector to other straining purposes. Pakistan is facing the meager water scarcity crises in the last few years, as water is becoming scarce to any specified usage. The quickly growing population, expansion of drainage regions, increasing urbanization and industrialization put a lot of stress on available water supplies. At the moment, there is dire need to harvest rain water by constructing more dams and focus on effective management strategies for further use. Specifically, authors are recommended that, water should be provided demand base instead of supply base irrigation system. Moreover, in addition to land tax, tax on irrigation water quantity/usage should be rectified.

Hafting and Retooling: Effects on the Archaeological Record

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence H. Keeley
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Distributional Effects ◽  
Methods Of Analysis

Hafting has long been recognized by archaeologists as a process affecting stone tools. However, the effects of this process on the archaeological record have been virtually ignored. Hafting affects the final typological form of tools because hafted tools are usually more extensively and intensively worked than their unhafted counterparts. Ethnoarchaeological and some recent archaeological evidence indicates that functionally equivalent but typologically diverse hafted and unhafted tools may be in use at the same site. Because hafted tools are disposed of as a consequence of the “retooling” of hafts, the context of their disposal may not be equivalent to the context of their use. But, unhafted tools appear to be disposed of more often at or near the focus of use. Indifference to the hafted/unhafted distinction then may seriously distort inferences based upon intrasite spatial analysis. It is also argued that hafting is a strategy that will be differentially employed by any social group at different sites according to circumstances, thereby contributing to interassemblage variability. Finally, some methods of analysis are suggested that will allow the typological and distributional effects of hafting and retooling to be taken into account by lithic analysts.

scholarly journals Cluster: A New Application for Spatial Analysis of Pixelated Data for Epiphytotics

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (12) ◽  
pp. 1556-1566
Author(s):  
Scot C. Nelson ◽  
Iulian Corcoja ◽  
Sarah J. Pethybridge
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Compass Orientation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Plant Disease Management

Spatial analysis of epiphytotics is essential to develop and test hypotheses about pathogen ecology, disease dynamics, and to optimize plant disease management strategies. Data collection for spatial analysis requires substantial investment in time to depict patterns in various frames and hierarchies. We developed a new approach for spatial analysis of pixelated data in digital imagery and incorporated the method in a stand-alone desktop application called Cluster. The user isolates target entities (clusters) by designating up to 24 pixel colors as nontargets and moves a threshold slider to visualize the targets. The app calculates the percent area occupied by targeted pixels, identifies the centroids of targeted clusters, and computes the relative compass angle of orientation for each cluster. Users can deselect anomalous clusters manually and/or automatically by specifying a size threshold value to exclude smaller targets from the analysis. Up to 1,000 stochastic simulations randomly place the centroids of each cluster in ranked order of size (largest to smallest) within each matrix while preserving their calculated angles of orientation for the long axes. A two-tailed probability t test compares the mean inter-cluster distances for the observed versus the values derived from randomly simulated maps. This is the basis for statistical testing of the null hypothesis that the clusters are randomly distributed within the frame of interest. These frames can assume any shape, from natural (e.g., leaf) to arbitrary (e.g., a rectangular or polygonal field). Cluster summarizes normalized attributes of clusters, including pixel number, axis length, axis width, compass orientation, and the length/width ratio, available to the user as a downloadable spreadsheet. Each simulated map may be saved as an image and inspected. Provided examples demonstrate the utility of Cluster to analyze patterns at various spatial scales in plant pathology and ecology and highlight the limitations, trade-offs, and considerations for the sensitivities of variables and the biological interpretations of results. The Cluster app is available as a free download for Apple computers at iTunes, with a link to a user guide website.

scholarly journals Reducing Unavoidable Nutrient Losses from Florida's Horticultural Crops

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shukla ◽  
B.J. Boman ◽  
R.C. Ebel ◽  
P.D. Roberts ◽  
E.A. Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Nutrient Loadings ◽  
Horticultural Crops

Despite efforts to optimize water and nutrient inputs to Florida's vegetable and fruit crops, the sandy soils, shallow water table, and tropical climate of Florida result in nutrient leaching losses that are unavoidable. Water quantity and quality management strategies that can reduce these nutrient losses from Florida's horticultural crops were reviewed and research needs for quantifying their effectiveness were identified. The water quantity management strategies included water table management for irrigation, drainage management, detention of runoff and drainage, and summer flooding. In addition to the expected water quality benefits of these practices, potential effects on crop production and farm economics were also discussed. Watershed-scale adoption of stormwater harvesting has the potential to not only reduce the nutrient loadings but also become a source of additional income for landowners through water trading. The water quality practices included structural and managerial practices (e.g., vegetative filter strips and ditch cleaning). Key research needs for reducing the unavoidable nutrient discharges included the development of a crop-specific drainage management tool; quantification of farm and watershed-scale benefits of stormwater detention and its reuse with regards to nutrient loadings, water supply, crop production, and farm income; enhancement of hydraulic efficiency of detention areas; and effects of summer flooding and ditch maintenance and cleaning on nutrient discharges.

‘Sustainable’ water abstraction: catchment abstraction management strategies in England and Wales

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-667
Author(s):  
Cindy Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The Status

Sustainability of water quantity management is largely associated with the provision of environmental flows. However, the implementation of environmental flows has been problematic, particularly when water needed for the environment has already been allocated to other uses. The potential rebalancing of allocations brings other aspects of sustainability to the fore, namely distributional and procedural justice. This paper reviews the Catchment Abstraction Management Strategies (CAMS) programme established in England and Wales in 2001 with the aim of creating a ‘sustainable’ balance between water users and the environment. A review of CAMS outcomes from the first 4 years of implementation found that the ‘sustainable’ balance achieved broadly equates to maintenance of the status quo. This is in part because, without appreciation of the inequities in abstraction rights and the lack of tools for their management, constrictions on environmental improvement remain. Increased transparency of these inequities and constraints is proposed as a priority for procedural justice and as a basis for further decision making regarding allocations. The case study has shown that to move beyond the platitudes of sustainability to real changes for environment and society, the history and institutions of environmental management, distributive justice and procedural justice must be critically reviewed and challenged.

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