AN OVERVIEW ON EMERGING WATER SCARCITY CHALLANGE IN PAKISTAN, ITS CONSUMPTION, CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES

Around two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered with water, it is obvious that water is among the most significant aspects that are essential for the life of human being. It is not only important to live, but also important to take a part in social and financial development. Water is God’s personalized gift, as well as the necessity of life. Due to high level of gluttony, misused play of people with the environment and the global climate, shift results in progressive diminishing of natural resources. The problems of freshwater and food security at global level linked to the overwhelming population of the world. To overcome the food and water scarcity challenge, there is required to transfer the freshwater from agriculture sector to other straining purposes. Pakistan is facing the meager water scarcity crises in the last few years, as water is becoming scarce to any specified usage. The quickly growing population, expansion of drainage regions, increasing urbanization and industrialization put a lot of stress on available water supplies. At the moment, there is dire need to harvest rain water by constructing more dams and focus on effective management strategies for further use. Specifically, authors are recommended that, water should be provided demand base instead of supply base irrigation system. Moreover, in addition to land tax, tax on irrigation water quantity/usage should be rectified.

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Minitomato cultivation with substrate under different fertigation management strategies

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620180115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 88-93

Author(s):

Ricardo S Bezerra ◽

Adão Wagner P Evangelista ◽

José Alves Júnior ◽

Abadia R Nascimento ◽

Derblai Casaroli

Keyword(s):

Irrigation System ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Solids Content ◽

High Level

ABSTRACT The application of high level of fertilization and inadequate management of fertigation in tomato crop can promote increase of salinity of the solution, nutritional imbalance and physiological disorders in the plants, consequently reduces the productivity and the quality of the fruits. The aim of this study was to evaluate different fertigation strategies in growth and production of mini tomato plants cultivated with substrate in a greenhouse. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks with four treatments and twenty replicates. The treatments corresponded to four fertigation strategies, as follows: T1 [(control) fertigation with leaching of 20%]; T2 fertigation throughout the day and irrigation at the end of the day with leaching of 20%; T3 irrigation with leaching of 20%, followed by fertigation in all activations of the irrigation system; T4 fertigation with leaching of 20% and reuse of the leached solution. Stem height and diameter, number of clusters, total and commercial fruit production, fruit size, fruit color, total titratable acidity, soluble solids content and fruit texture were evaluated. No significant differences were detected among the treatments in relation to the growth variables of the mini tomato plants. The strategies of fertigation tested do not influence significantly the growth of tomato plants. The T1 and T4 managements provide higher commercial production and fruits with higher content of soluble solids when compared with other management strategies evaluated. Considering the nutritional factor, we recommend to reuse the nutrient solution used in the tomato cultivation with substrate, correcting daily the electrical conductivity of the solution.

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Clinical Guidelines and Practice

Evaluation & the Health Professions ◽

10.1177/0163278710390355 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 413-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Derek J. Hoare ◽

Deborah A. Hall

Keyword(s):

Clinical Guidelines ◽

Chronic Condition ◽

Good Practice ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Effective Management ◽

Management Options ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Subjective Tinnitus ◽

High Level

Subjective tinnitus is an enigmatic and chronic condition that is predominantly managed as symptomatic. Little high-level evidence exists for the efficacy and specificity of the various tinnitus management strategies currently used, and this is reflected in documents that aim to guide clinicians. As a consequence, there are clear gaps in evidence-based practice linking diagnosis to the most effective management strategies as well as a general lack of consensus about which are appropriate strategies for assessment and management. Several guidelines have been produced from research efforts and from expert opinion. All recommend standardization of assessment and a range of management options but do not yet provide a means to link the two. The authors call for clinicians, scientists, and policy makers to work together to address this barrier to good practice.

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Semantic Interoperability Solutions for the Essential Variables: Focus on biodiversity

Biodiversity Information Science and Standards ◽

10.3897/biss.3.36234 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Pier Luigi Buttigieg ◽

Ramona Walls ◽

Anne Thessen

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Representation ◽

Global Climate ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Biomedical Ontology ◽

Semantic Interoperability ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Development Agenda ◽

Essential Biodiversity Variables ◽

High Level ◽

Information Streams

The Earth system is enduring multiple, interacting stressors causing immense and irreversible change to its biosphere. The unprecedented magnitude of human influence on the planet is a cause for much concern, but also an opportunity to mitigate undesirable impact by instituting socio-ecological management strategies and monitoring their effectiveness. To do so, local and global policy developers and decision makers must have access to clear and globally consistent information streams that serve as planetary diagnostics. This need is being addressed by several international, multi-agency networks which have developed sets of "Essential Variables" (EVs) to improve consistency in the observation of key phenomena within their domains of operation. For example, the implementation of the Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) led by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) has set an example being followed in the marine and biodiversity domains by, respectively, the Global Ocean Observing System's (GOOS) Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) and the Group on Earth Observation Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON)'s Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs). Each of these EV collections has a subset dedicated to biological and ecological phenomena. This is greatly encouraging for biodiversity science at large, but also runs the risk of parallel and conflicting developments occuring in the EV communities addressing thecross-cutting theme of biodiversity. As a consequence, there is an urgent need for these systems, and the communities behind them, to pursue tight conceptual and technical interoperability in aid of a coherent treatment of biodiversity in planetary-scale monitoring. In this contribution, we will describe our current research and implementation of a semantic interoperability layer for the EVs, with a focus on biology and ecology. Applying the best practices and core infrastructure of the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry and Library, we have leveraged both mature and emerging reference ontologies targeting the domains of ecosystems and environment, population and communities, and high-level ecological phenomena. This interoperable collection of ontologies constitutes a foundation for highly expressive EV knowledge representation and management through robust, FAIR-compliant technologies. Further, we are coordinating these efforts with semantic technology adopted by UN agencies, representing global directives and indicators of the UN Sustainable Development Agenda for 2030. With open editorial models behind each of these ontologies, we aim to offer a scalable and inclusive system to bridge data and information products across the EVs through machine-accessible knowledge representation.

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INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF WATER IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR OF PAKISTAN DUE TO DEPLETING WATER RESERVOIRS AND REDUNDANT IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Water Conservation and Management ◽

10.26480/wcm.01.2021.13.19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 13-19

Author(s):

Saima Nasreen ◽

Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Agricultural Productivity ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Farming System ◽

Agriculture Sector

Present study aim is to reveal current situation of water availability for agricultural productivity through factors responsible for water depletion and improper use of irrigation water. The paper discuses major problems identify future scenario and suggests making policies implementation to increase agricultural productivity in Pakistan. In Pakistan, agricultural productivity decreases due to the facts that the available natural water resources get depleted due to pollution, silting in reservoirs, leaching, salinity etc leads to water scarcity. It’s a world known fact that Pakistan is an agricultural country; however, the irrigation traditional methods used here are a major reason to decrease the yield per drop. Moreover, certain considerations like barriers to technical adaptation, farming system practices for enhancing water productivity, integrated land and water management, water logging and reclaiming irrigated lands needs to be implemented to fulfill the sufficient water supply for agricultural lands. Protection of water sources, wastewater reuse, low-cost water supply and treatment systems, impacts of farming practices, climate change effects and efficiency of water transport and distribution systems are the key points needs to execute to overcome the water scarcity problem for agriculture sector. Water governance, technology transfer and knowledge sharing are mandatory for the sustainable agricultural development.

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Advances in Stem Instrumentation for Biology

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100180562 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 362-363

Author(s):

J. S. Wall

Keyword(s):

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Carbon Films ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Material Deposition ◽

Active User ◽

Percent Improvement ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

The Moment ◽

Film Substrate ◽

High Level

The forte of the Scanning transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is high resolution imaging with high contrast on thin specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of single heavy atoms. of equal importance for biology is the efficient utilization of all available signals, permitting low dose imaging of unstained single molecules such as DNA.Our work at Brookhaven has concentrated on: 1) design and construction of instruments optimized for a narrow range of biological applications and 2) use of such instruments in a very active user/collaborator program. Therefore our program is highly interactive with a strong emphasis on producing results which are interpretable with a high level of confidence.The major challenge we face at the moment is specimen preparation. The resolution of the STEM is better than 2.5 A, but measurements of resolution vs. dose level off at a resolution of 20 A at a dose of 10 el/A2 on a well-behaved biological specimen such as TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). To track down this problem we are examining all aspects of specimen preparation: purification of biological material, deposition on the thin film substrate, washing, fast freezing and freeze drying. As we attempt to improve our equipment/technique, we use image analysis of TMV internal controls included in all STEM samples as a monitor sensitive enough to detect even a few percent improvement. For delicate specimens, carbon films can be very harsh-leading to disruption of the sample. Therefore we are developing conducting polymer films as alternative substrates, as described elsewhere in these Proceedings. For specimen preparation studies, we have identified (from our user/collaborator program ) a variety of “canary” specimens, each uniquely sensitive to one particular aspect of sample preparation, so we can attempt to separate the variables involved.

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The Benefits of Combining Global and Local Data—A Showcase for Valuation and Mapping of Mangrove Climate Regulation and Food Provisioning Services within a Protected Area in Pará, North Brazil

Land ◽

10.3390/land10040432 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 432

Author(s):

Robin Gutting ◽

Ralf-Uwe Syrbe ◽

Karsten Grunewald ◽

Ulf Mehlig ◽

Véronique Helfer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Climate ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Small Scale ◽

Mangrove Forests ◽

Food Provisioning ◽

Local Data ◽

Climate Regulation ◽

North Brazil ◽

Species Specific

Mangrove forests provide a large variety of ecosystem services (ES) to coastal societies. Using a case study focusing on the Ajuruteua peninsula in Northern Brazil and two ES, food provisioning (ES1) and global climate regulation (ES2), this paper proposes a new framework for quantifying and valuing mangrove ES and allow for their small-scale mapping. We modelled and spatialised the two ES from different perspectives, the demand (ES1) and the supply (ES2) side respectively. This was performed by combining worldwide databases related to the global human population (ES1) or mangrove distribution and canopy height (ES2) with locally derived parameters, such as crab catches (ES1) or species-specific allometric equations based on local estimates of tree structural parameters (ES2). Based on this approach, we could estimate that the area delivers the basic nutrition of about 1400 households, which equals 2.7 million USD, and that the mangrove biomass in the area contains 2.1 million Mg C, amounting to 50.9 million USD, if it were paid as certificates. In addition to those figures, we provide high-resolution maps showing which areas are more valuable for the two respective ES, information that could help inform management strategies in the future.

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Survival and Inoculum Production of Gibberella zeae in Wheat Residue

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.7.724 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (7) ◽

pp. 724-730 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

S. A. Pereyra ◽

R. Dill-Macky ◽

A. L. Sims

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Gibberella Zeae ◽

Effective Management ◽

Head Blight ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Residue Decomposition ◽

Inoculum Production ◽

Mesh Bags

Survival and inoculum production of Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch (anamorph Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe)), the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley, was related to the rate of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue decomposition. Infested wheat residue, comprising intact nodes, internodes, and leaf sheaths, was placed in fiberglass mesh bags on the soil surface and at 7.5- to 10-cm and 15- to 20-cm depths in chisel-plowed plots and 15 to 20 cm deep in moldboard-plowed plots in October 1997. Residue was sampled monthly from April through November during 1998 and every 2 months through April to October 1999. Buried residue decomposed faster than residue placed on the soil surface. Less than 2% of the dry-matter residue remained in buried treatments after 24 months in the field, while 25% of the residue remained in the soil-surface treatment. Survival of G. zeae on node tissues was inversely related to the residue decomposition rate. Surface residue provided a substrate for G. zeae for a longer period of time than buried residue. Twenty-four months after the initiation of the trial, the level of colonization of nodes in buried residue was half the level of colonization of residue on the soil surface. Colonization of node tissues by G. zeae decreased over time, but increased for other Fusarium spp. Ascospores of G. zeae were still produced on residue pieces after 23 months, and these spores were capable of inducing disease. Data from this research may assist in developing effective management strategies for residues infested with G. zeae.

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How Blue Carbon Ecosystems Are Perceived by Local Communities in the Coral Triangle: Comparative and Empirical Examinations in the Philippines and Indonesia

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 127

Author(s):

Jay Mar D. Quevedo ◽

Yuta Uchiyama ◽

Kevin Muhamad Lukman ◽

Ryo Kohsaka

Keyword(s):

Global Climate ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Local Level ◽

Management Strategies ◽

The Philippines ◽

Local Communities ◽

Blue Carbon ◽

Utilization Rate ◽

Coral Triangle ◽

Factors Affecting

Blue carbon ecosystem (BCE) initiatives in the Coral Triangle Region (CTR) are increasing due to their amplified recognition in mitigating global climate change. Although transdisciplinary approaches in the “blue carbon” discourse and collaborative actions are gaining momentum in the international and national arenas, more work is still needed at the local level. The study pursues how BCE initiatives permeate through the local communities in the Philippines and Indonesia, as part of CTR. Using perception surveys, the coastal residents from Busuanga, Philippines, and Karimunjawa, Indonesia were interviewed on their awareness, utilization, perceived threats, and management strategies for BCEs. Potential factors affecting residents’ perceptions were explored using multivariate regression and correlation analyses. Also, a comparative analysis was done to determine distinctions and commonalities in perceptions as influenced by site-specific scenarios. Results show that, despite respondents presenting relatively high awareness of BCE services, levels of utilization are low with 42.9–92.9% and 23.4–85.1% respondents in Busuanga and Karimunjawa, respectively, not directly utilizing BCE resources. Regression analysis showed that respondents’ occupation significantly influenced their utilization rate and observed opposite correlations in Busuanga (positive) and Karimunjawa (negative). Perceived threats are found to be driven by personal experiences—occurrence of natural disasters in Busuanga whereas discerned anthropogenic activities (i.e., land-use conversion) in Karimunjawa. Meanwhile, recognized management strategies are influenced by the strong presence of relevant agencies like non-government and people’s organizations in Busuanga and the local government in Karimunjawa. These results can be translated as useful metrics in contextualizing and/or enhancing BCE management plans specifically in strategizing advocacy campaigns and engagement of local stakeholders across the CTR.

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Water Scarcity and Sustainability in an Emerging Economy: A Management Perspective for Future

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010144 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 144

Author(s):

Dianxi Zhang ◽

Muhammad Safdar Sial ◽

Naveed Ahmad ◽

António José Filipe ◽

Phung Anh Thu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Scarcity ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Crop Production ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Water Crisis ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Global Issue ◽

Management Perspective ◽

Emergency Measures

Water scarcity is rising as a global issue, because the planet earth is facing a global water crisis, which is considered something that can destroy environmental sustainability of our planet. The fact is that humanity’s demand is depleting natural resources faster than nature can replenish itself; if human habits and unsustainable use of water resources do not change, water scarcity will inevitably intensify and become a major cause of conflict among different nations of the world. The water scarcity issue is a crucial issue but unfortunately it has not received due attention in past. Pakistan, which once was a water abundant country, now facing a situation of water scarcity. Pakistan has a poor irrigation system which results 60% loss of its water; Pakistan uses more water for crop production than other countries. Likewise, the country harvests water from rainfall, rivers, snow, and glaciers. The country is facing a serious water crisis that is caused by different factors, such as changing climatic conditions, rising population, poor irrigation system, poor political will, and rapid urbanization. The water crisis of Pakistan is expected to worsen in coming years. This is a drastic situation which calls for emergency measures. With this background, the present study provides a detailed view of the water situation in the country with challenges to water management. The study also suggests some recommendations for policymakers to improve the water crisis situation in the future.

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CONSTRUCTION OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES DURING THE TIMURID PERIOD

Journal of look to the past ◽

10.26739/2181-9599-2021-6-18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 39-46

Author(s):

Muazzam Mahmudova ◽

Keyword(s):

Irrigation System ◽

Additional Source ◽

High Level

In this article, the author describes the high level of improvement work carried out during the Timurid period, the construction of canals, dams, ditches, basins, sewers in Movarounnahr and Khorasan by the Timurid rulers. The article discusses the innovations of the Timurids in the irrigation system, the achievements of engineers of that period in the construction of dams and building materials.The study of the construction of irrigation structures during the Timurid period serves as an additional source of illumination of the medieval irrigation system

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