Strain-Rate Amplification of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber Compounds

Abstract The strain amplification is one of the recognized causes of the reinforcement of rubber by carbon black. Previously, we evaluated strain amplification in nonequilibrium, i.e., stress-strain measurements. Carbon-black-filled rubber compounds were used. In these examples, not only strain but also strain rate must be amplified, since it is a dynamic situation. Because the behavior of the gum matrix is strain-rate dependent, strain-rate amplification is also an important aspect of the rubber compound behavior. In this paper, we presented case studies of strain-rate amplification with several compounds involving variation of gum rubbers and carbon blacks.

Download Full-text

Online Method for Characterization of the Homogeneity of Rubber Compounds Filled with Non-Conductive Carbon Black

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3547955 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 79 (4) ◽

pp. 610-620 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. H. Le ◽

M. Tiwari ◽

S. Ilisch ◽

H-J. Radusch

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Electrical Conductance ◽

Rubber Compound ◽

Mixture Ratio ◽

Dispersion Process ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Rubber Compounds ◽

Conductance Method ◽

Internal Mixer

Abstract In the present work, the effect of carbon black (CB) type on the electrical conductance of CB filled rubber compounds measured online in the internal mixer and the corresponding CB dispersion were investigated. The CB dispersion is strongly affected by the specific surface area and structure of CB which can be directly monitored by use of the online electrical conductance method. The effect of CB mixture ratio of a high conductive CB and a non-conductive one on the online electrical conductance was investigated for CB filled rubber compounds. By addition of a small amount of a high-conductive CB type into a non-conductive CB filled rubber compound, a characteristic online conductance - time characteristic is observed that is a result of the formation of a joint network of the two CB types. It could be shown, that such a characteristic is suitable to monitor the dispersion process of the non-conductive CB in the rubber compound.

Download Full-text

Strain Rate Dependent Constitutive Equation of Rubber and Simulation of Deformation Behavior of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber

TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series A ◽

10.1299/kikaia.73.558 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 73 (729) ◽

pp. 558-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Keisuke AZUMA ◽

Masato NAITO ◽

Yoshihiro TOMITA

Keyword(s):

Constitutive Equation ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Strain Rate ◽

Deformation Behavior ◽

Rate Dependent ◽

Filled Rubber

Download Full-text

Strain-Rate-Dependent Deformation Behavior of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber under Monotonic and Cyclic Straining

Engineering Plasticity and Its Applications - Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/0-87849-433-2.1017 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 1017-1024

Author(s):

Yoshihiro Tomita ◽

K. Azuma ◽

M. Naito

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Strain Rate ◽

Deformation Behavior ◽

Rate Dependent ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Cyclic Straining

Download Full-text

Silica Properties/Rubber Performance Correlation. Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3557523 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 217-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Timothy A. Okel ◽

Walter H. Waddell

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Surface Area ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Rubber Compound ◽

The Road ◽

Precipitated Silica ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Rubber Compounds ◽

As Stress

Abstract The effectiveness of predicting rubber performance based on measured silica physical properties in silica- and carbon black-filled compounds is presented for three rubber formulations: an off-the-road tire tread, a wire coat stock and a V-belt. Correlation and regression analyses were performed using SAS software for sixteen physical properties of thirteen precipitated silicas, and sixteen rubber compound performance characteristics of the three compounds. Silica physical properties studied include various measurements of surface area and structure, particle size, pH and impurities. Rubber performance characteristics studied include cure properties and physical properties such as stress/strain, tear strength, cut growth resistance, abrasion resistance and heat build-up. The present study confirms that silica surface area is the single best predictor of the effect that varying silica physical properties have on the physical performance of cured, carbon black-filled rubber compounds containing precipitated silica. Silica structure, as measured by DBP absorption and nitrogen or mercury pore volume, is a secondary predictor of certain rubber physical properties. The confidence limits of the predictions is dependent upon the concentration of precipitated silica used in the carbon black-filled rubber compound.

Download Full-text

RUBBER BLEND AND FILLER EFFECTS ON DAMAGE MECHANISMS UNDER MONOTONIC AND FATIGUE LOADING

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/rct.19.81525 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 415-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Harini Sridharan ◽

Jagannath Chanda ◽

Prasenjit Ghosh ◽

Rabindra Mukhopadhyay

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Strain Rate ◽

Fracture Behavior ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Fatigue Loading ◽

Fatigue Tests ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Rubber Compounds ◽

Polybutadiene Rubber ◽

Resolution Imaging

ABSTRACT To appreciate the nature and failure mode of elastomers, it is important to understand their fracture behavior. There are various factors that influence the fracture characteristics of rubber vulcanizates, namely, temperature, strain rate, and type of loading. In this research, fracture behavior of gum and carbon black filled rubber compounds having 100 parts natural rubber (NR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), and 60–40 NR/BR blend is reported. The effect of strain rate, temperature, and carbon black on tensile strength, fracture/tearing energy, and crack growth is detailed. Based on our investigation, we have determined BR to be more sensitive to temperature change than NR. Also, contrasting behavior is observed for gum and filled polymer blends. Tensile and fatigue tests were performed on a universal testing machine and tear and fatigue analyzer, respectively. The tested samples were also examined in the scanning electron microscope to obtain high-resolution imaging of fracture surfaces. The samples tested under monotonic loading provide smoother surfaces by showing the phase separation in comparison with fatigue loading.

Download Full-text

Strain Rate Dependent Micro- to Macroscopic Deformation Behavior of Carbon-Black Filled Rubber under Monotonic and Cyclic Straining

The Mechanical Behavior of Materials X - Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/0-87849-440-5.53 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 53-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yoshihiro Tomita ◽

K. Azuma ◽

M. Naito

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Strain Rate ◽

Deformation Behavior ◽

Rate Dependent ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Macroscopic Deformation ◽

Cyclic Straining

Download Full-text

Computational evaluation of strain-rate-dependent deformation behavior of rubber and carbon-black-filled rubber under monotonic and cyclic straining

International Journal of Mechanical Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2007.09.010 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 856-868 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Y. Tomita ◽

K. Azuma ◽

M. Naito

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Strain Rate ◽

Deformation Behavior ◽

Rate Dependent ◽

Computational Evaluation ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Cyclic Straining

Download Full-text

Strain Rate Dependent Micro- to Macroscopic Deformation Behavior of Carbon-Black Filled Rubber under Monotonic and Cyclic Straining

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.53 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 345-346 ◽

pp. 53-56

Author(s):

Yoshihiro Tomita ◽

K. Azuma ◽

M. Naito

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Strain Rate ◽

Cyclic Deformation ◽

Deformation Behavior ◽

Viscoelastic Deformation ◽

Rate Dependent ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Deformation Behaviors ◽

The Individual ◽

Cyclic Straining

A constitutive equation of rubber is derived by employing a nonaffine molecular chain network model for an elastic deformation behavior and the reptation theory for a viscoelastic deformation behavior. The results reveal the roles of the individual springs and dashpot, and the strain rate dependence of materials in the monotonic and cyclic deformation behaviors, particularly softening and hysteresis loss, that is, the Mullins effect, occurring in stress-stretch curves under cyclic deformation processes of carbon black filled rubber..

Download Full-text

Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.282 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 744 ◽

pp. 282-287

Author(s):

Sarawut Prasertsri ◽

Sansanee Srichan

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Soxhlet Extraction ◽

Rubber Compound ◽

Rubber Compounds ◽

Rubber Component

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

Download Full-text