Effect of Processing Additives on Carbon Black Dispersion and Grip Property of High-Performance Tire Tread Compound

1997 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Takino ◽  
S. Iwama ◽  
Y. Yamada ◽  
S. Kohjiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Remarkable Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Power Curves ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract Rubber and carbon black compounds show complex behaviors in their mixing process due to their complicated microcomposite structure. Therefore, establishing a clear relationship between the mixing state of the rubber compound and the physical properties of its cured rubber has still remained to be solved in spite of formidable efforts by many rubber technologists. This paper investigated the influence of a processing additive on the carbon black incorporation and its dispersion behavior by inspecting Banbury power curves. From this investigation, we considered that good wettability toward the carbon black surface was necessary for processing additives in order to improve carbon black dispersion. The function of the processing additive was thought to enhance the surface lubrication of carbon black for disagglomeration in the early steps of mixing. The dry grip properties of a tire was estimated from the temperature dependence of dynamic viscoelastic properties of rubber compounds, with improved carbon black dispersion due to the processing additive; and it was confirmed by an actual tire running evaluation. Consequently, we found that tread compounds with improved carbon black dispersion had a remarkable effect on tire dry-grip properties at high temperatures.

Carbon-Black-Elastomer Interaction II: Effects of Carbon Black Surface Activity and Loading

1993 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 772-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Ayala ◽  
W. M. Hess ◽  
G. A. Joyce ◽  
F. D. Kistler
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Activity ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface

Abstract Carbon black morphology, surface activity and loading have been varied systematically to study the effects on an SBR formulation. The surface activity of five commercial grades of carbon black was varied by heat treating the standard grade samples at 1100°C and 1500°C in an inert atmosphere. Measurements on carbon black-elastomer interaction were based on a parameter I, defined elsewhere. The parameter I exhibited the previously reported correlation with known indicators of the surface activity of carbon blacks. The heats of adsorption by inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution have been found useful as a measure of the carbon-black surface energy related to rubber interaction. These measurements have been employed in conjunction with carbon-black morphology and loading to develop a surface-area-modified and a surface energy-modified effective volume fraction V′ and ψ, respectively. The parameter V′ was utilized to explain the variation of the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 1 % double strain amplitude (DSA) for all rubber compounds. The parameter ψ was used to explain the variation of E′ at 25% DSA and the factor σ in the calculation of I. The parameters V′ and ψ provide a model for the estimation of I from fundamental carbon-black morphological properties and surface energy.

Interaction between Polymers and Fillers

1950 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Houwink
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Heat Of Adsorption ◽  
Adsorptive Capacity ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Kcal Mole ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Entropy Factor ◽  
Initial Heat

Abstract In the literature the problem of whether or not filler particles adhere to a polymer is still under discussion. This point is already of interest in the mixing process because here the question resolves itself into whether the particles clog together or each becomes separately surrounded by polymer only. The problem is also of paramount interest with regard to the properties of the final mixture because upon the interaction depends whether or not a filler has a reinforcing action. This is a key problem, especially in the rubber industry. Essentially, the problem of dispersing a filler in a polymer is of the same type as that of dissolving a polymer in a solvent, and for the thermodynamic considerations we know that dispersing occurs if (leaving the entropy factor out of discussion) ΔU(U=internal energy) is negative, that is, heat is liberated. Here the historical measurements of Hock and his coworkers show that, on mixing rubber with carbon black, 11 gcal. per gram of black (which is of the order of 1 gcal. per mole) extrapolated to zero concentration, are developed. This heat is found to decrease with increasing proportion of filler, showing that all particles are no longer in contact with the rubber because of clogging. It has long been a problem to explain the outstanding reinforcing properties of carbon black with the aid of these low values found by Hock. Smith and Schaeffer showed that the initial heat of adsorption between carbon black and C4 hydrocarbons is of the order of magnitude of 15 kcal. per mole, decreasing sharply until about 40 per cent of a monolayer is formed. This indicates that 40 per cent of the carbon black surface is covered with sites of high adsorptive capacity. Between 40 and 100 per cent of this monolayer formation the surface appears to be quite uniform with regard to adsorptive capacity; at the monolayer the values again decrease and approach the heat of liquefaction, EL, of the adsorbate. These results are shown in Figure 1. From the data obtained, it can be derived that the heat of adsorption per CH2 group to carbon black is about 4 kcal./mole.

Radiotracer Studies of Carbon Black Surface Interactions with Organic Systems. I. Experimental Approach and Initial Results from Chemisorption and Vinyl Polymerization Studies

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Deviney ◽  
Lawrence E. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
Surface Interactions ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Basic Reaction ◽  
Black Surface

Abstract Radiotracer techniques have been applied to the study of interactions of carbon black surface functional groups with two chosen organic systems. The basic reaction mechanisms demonstrated in this study may have implications in elastomer reinforcement. Direct radiochemical evidence supports the conclusions of Hallum and Drushel (based on less direct polarographic data) that surface quinonic groups exhibit hydrogen abstraction activity toward tertiary hydrogens in paraffinic hydrocarbons. Studies on the system carbon black and styrene using tritium radiotracer have provided direct evidence that phenolic hydrogens participate in the polymerization acceleration and graft polymer formation reaction and are transferred to the growing polystyrene chains as postulated by Donnet. Several methods have been developed for specifically labelling certain oxygenated functional groups on the carbon surface with tritium and for tritium labelling carbon black in aromatic hydrogen positions. The techniques developed in this work and the basic reaction mechanisms derived will permit this investigation to be extended into a radiochemical study of carbon black surface interactions with elastomer related systems of interest to the rubber industry.

scholarly journals Analysis of Activation Process of Carbon Black Based on Structural Parameters Obtained by XRD Analysis

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Sang-Min Lee ◽  
Sang-Hye Lee ◽  
Jae-Seung Roh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Pore Properties

In the present study, carbon black activated by CO2 gas was examined through XRD analysis, especially with regard to changes in its structural parameters. Based on the results, its activation process was thoroughly analyzed. The activation process was controlled by isothermally activating the carbon black inside a reaction tube through which CO2 gas flowed. With this approach, the degree of activation was varied as desired. At an early stage of the activation process, the amorphous fraction on the carbon black surface was preferentially activated, and later the less-developed crystalline carbon (LDCC) region inside the carbon black particles started to be activated. The latter process was attributable to the formation of pores inside the carbon black particles. As the activation process proceeded further, the more-developed crystalline carbon (MDCC) region started to be activated, thereby causing the pores inside the carbon black particles to grow larger. At the last stage of the activation process, La was found to be decreased to about 40 Å. This implied that the edges of the graphite crystals had been activated, thus causing the internal pores to grow and coalesce into larger pores. Activated conductive Super-P with enhanced pore properties is expected to have wide applications.

Influence of filler-rubber interactions on the viscoelastic properties of carbon-black-filled rubber compounds

2003 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 577-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Léopoldès ◽  
C. Barrès ◽  
J. L. Leblanc ◽  
P. Georget
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds
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