The Joule Effect

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-49
Author(s):  
W. B. Wiegand ◽  
J. W. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Internal Energy ◽  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Heat Evolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Joule Effect ◽  
Steel Spring ◽  
Heat Transfers

Abstract With reference to a paper by Gleichentheil and Neumann on “The Gough-Joule Effect in Vulcanizates,” we should like to call attention to the similarity between the results reported in their paper and the earlier work reported by Wiegand and Snyder entitled “The Rubber Pendulum, the Joule Effect and the Dynamic Stress-Strain Curve.” The latter authors analyzed from a thermodynamic point of view the rubber stress-strain curve as affected by temperature. As a result of this analysis the stress-strain curve was divided into three groups, Region A, Region B and Region C. Each region was characterized by different trends as regards the Joule effect and internal energy changes. The following description is taken from the original paper: “Region A, The Steel Spring.—This region, extending to approximately 300 per cent elongation for the conditions in the experiments described, is characterized by the comparative absence of heat transfers . … little or no Joule effect.” “Region B, The Gas (and the Crystal).—In region B the region of the Joule effect . … there is the maximum of heat evolution. It should be noted that Region B extends from approximately 300 per cent elongation to 700 per cent elongation. “Region C, The Friction Member.—This region is characterized by the almost entire absence of reversible effects. The Joule effect has disappeared. There is no evolution of heat….“

Dynamic Stress-Strain Relations for Annealed 2S Aluminum Under Compression Impact

1953 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529
Author(s):  
J. E. Johnson ◽  
D. S. Wood ◽  
D. S. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Impact Stress ◽  
Stress Strain Relation ◽  
Final Strain ◽  
Dynamic Relations ◽  
Single Stress ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the stress-strain relation of annealed 2S aluminum when subjected to compression impact. Two methods of securing a dynamic stress-strain curve are considered, namely, from the measurement of impact stress as a function of maximum plastic strain, and impact stress as a function of the impact velocity. The dynamic stress-strain curves obtained by these methods lie considerably above the static curve. The elevation in stress of the dynamic relations above the static relation increases progressively from zero at the elastic limit to about 20 per cent at a strain of 4.5 per cent. However, the two dynamic relations are not coincident which indicates that the behavior of the material cannot be described by a single stress-strain curve for all impact velocities. A family of stress-strain curves which differ slightly from each other and which depend upon the final strain is postulated in order to correlate both sets of data adequately.

Composite Logarithmic Model for Dynamic Stress–Strain Curve of Soft Soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1193-1196
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Gaojie Pan ◽  
Zeng Pan ◽  
Ganwu Zhou ◽  
Hua Ling
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Logarithmic Model

On the Estimation of Dynamic Stress-Strain Curve By Impact Bending Test

2004 ◽  
Vol 2004.1 (0) ◽  
pp. 195-196
Author(s):  
Akihiro HOJO ◽  
Akiyosi CHATANI ◽  
Hiroshi TACHIYA
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Impact Bending

High Strain Rate Test of a Steel Plate under Blast Loading from High Explosive

2013 ◽  
Vol 767 ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tei Saburi ◽  
Shiro Kubota ◽  
Yuji Wada ◽  
Tatsuya Kumaki ◽  
Masatake Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Time Deformation ◽  
Rate Test ◽  
High Strain Rate Test

In this study, a high strain rate test method of a steel plate under blast loading from high explosive was designed and was conducted by a combined experimental/numerical approach to facilitate the estimation process for the dynamic stress-strain curve under practical strain rate conditions. The steel plate was subjected to a blast load, which was generated by Composition C4 explosive and the dynamic deformation of the plate was observed with a high-speed video camera. Time-deformation relations were acquired by image analysis. A numerical simulation for the dynamic behaviors of the plate identical to the experimental condition was conducted using a coupling analysis of finite element method (FEM) and discrete particle method (DPM). Explosives were modeled by discrete particles and the steel plate and other materials were modeled by finite element. The blast load on the plate was described fluid-structure interaction (FSI) between DPM and FEM. As inverse analysis scheme to estimate dynamic stress-strain curve, an evaluation using a quasistatic data was conducted. In addition, two types of approximations for stress-strain curve were assumed and optimized by least square method. One is a 2-piece approximation, and was optimized by least squares method using a yield stress and a tangent modulus as parameters. The other is a continuous piecewise linear approximation, in which a stress-strain curve was divided into some segments based on experimental time-deformation relation, and was sequentially optimized using youngs modulus or yield stress as parameter. The results showed that the piecewise approximation can gives reasonably agreement with SS curve obtained from the experiment.

A Mathematical Treatment of a Theory of Rubber Structure

1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
T. R. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Plastic Flow ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stress Axis ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Joule Effect ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber

Abstract A brief consideration of the work that has been done on the structure of rubber convinces, one that the elasticity is wholly or at least mainly explained by a consideration of the kinetics involved. The fact that when a strip of stretched rubber, one end of which is free, contracts when it is warmed, contrary to the behavior of most bodies, and that it becomes warmed on stretching, commonly known as the Gough-Joule effect, pp. 453–461, would lead one to suspect .that there is a connection between the kinetic energy of the rubber molecule and its elasticity. Lundal, Bouasse, Hyde, Somerville and Cope, Partenheimer and Whitby and Katz have reported observations, principally stress-strain curves, which show that vulcanized rubber has a lower modulus of elasticity at higher temperatures, i. e., it becomes easier to stretch as the temperature is raised. On the other hand, Schmulewitsch, Stevens, and Williams found that the elastic modulus increases with the temperature. Williams shows that the softening of vulcanized rubber with rise of temperature is due to an increase of plasticity. In order to get rid of plastic flow, he first stretches the specimen several times to within about 50 per cent of its breaking elongation, and then obtains an autographic stress-strain curve of the rubber stretched very quickly. He finds that in this case the rubber actually becomes stiffer with rise of temperature, increasing temperatures causing the stress-strain curves to lean progressively more and more toward the stress axis. He concludes that rise of temperature has two effects, one a softening due to increase of plasticity, rendering plastic flow more easy, the other an actual stiffening of the rubber due to rise of temperature. It is not easy to explain the latter effect on any theory which does not take kinetics into account.

The Structure of Rubber and the Mechanism of Elastic Stretching

1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-209
Author(s):  
Edward Mack
Keyword(s):  
Strain Curve ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Joule Effect ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Heat Effects ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
Trans Addition

Abstract A theory of the mechanism of elastic stretch in rubber is described. It is christened a “hydrogen-evaporation-condensation” mechanism. In an attempt to develop a unified theory of rubber behavior, some of the more important properties of the various forms of rubber are discussed, from the point of view of strict adherence to the principles of geometry and of structural organic chemistry. Among the topics discussed are: shape of the rubber molecule, the work of stretching rubber, the shape of the stress-strain curve, heat effects in rubber (including the Joule effect), Staudinger's hydrogenated rubber, factors controlling cis and trans addition, x-ray diffraction pattern, properties of synthetic rubbers, inversion, and sluggishness.

The Resistance of Rubber to Dynamic Forces Part I

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ariano
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Recovery ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Joule Effect ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Service Conditions ◽  
Straight Lines

Abstract The subject of the present paper, which is of great interest on account of the numerous service conditions under which rubber is subjected to dynamic forces, has received little attention, perhaps because of the complexity of the phenomena and the consequent difficulty of coming to any definite and significant conclusions from experimental data. It is a widespread belief, for instance, that in static tension plastic flow takes place and that this is responsible for the Joule effect and that it modifies the shape of the stress-strain curve. By working at high velocities of extension, Williams proved that at room temperature and also at 60° C the stress-strain curves are straight lines and that complete elastic recovery takes place. The importance of verifying such a conclusion as this is obvious. Since, in fact, the elongations for a given load found by Williams were in every case greater when the stress was static, one is led to the conclusion that the deformation brought about by a given load is the sum of two components; one a perfectly elastic component, which obeys Hooke's law and which therefore is applicable to the established science of construction; a second component, which, in contrast to the first, is plastic in character and consequently depends on the duration of application of the load and on the loads previously applied. In brief, the law of deformation should be capable of reduction to the laws of two types of systems, viz., an elastic system and a plastic system. Unfortunately however this assumption could not be confirmed.

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