The Interaction between Rubber and Liquids. VI. Swelling and Solubility in Mixed Liquids

Abstract The equations derived in the previous paper for the osmotic equilibrium between a ternary mixture of polymer + two liquids and a mixture of the two liquids are applied to the swelling of cross-linked polymers in mixed liquids and to the solubility of linear polymers in mixed liquids. A mixed liquid has solvent properties intermediate between those of its components only when these mix ideally. The larger the heat of mixing of the liquids, the greater is the solvent power of the mixture relative to those of the components. This conclusion forms the basis of an explanation of the enhanced swelling of rubbers in pairs of dissimilar liquids and of the fact that a mixture of two nonsolvents may be a solvent over a certain range of concentration. Experimental results are given for the swelling of vulcanized rubbers and the critical solubility limits of unvulcanized rubbers. It is shown that these can be explained qualitatively from the cohesive energy densities of the three components, and semiquantitatively from the measured heats of mixing of the three binary mixtures. The work described in these two papers forms a part of the program of fundamental research on rubber undertaken by the Board of the British Rubber Producers' Research Association.

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The Interaction between Rubber and Liquids. VII. The Heats and Entropies of Dilution of Natural Rubber by Various Liquids

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3546805 ◽

1946 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

J. Ferry ◽

Geoffrey Gee ◽

L. R. G. Treloar

Keyword(s):

Statistical Theory ◽

Vapor Pressure ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Methyl Alcohol ◽

Research Association ◽

Free Energies ◽

Calorimetric Measurements ◽

Heats Of Mixing ◽

Heats Of Dilution ◽

Fundamental Research

Abstract Calorimetric measurements of the heats of mixing of seven liquids with dihydromyrcene are used to estimate the heats of dilution of rubber by these liquids. Combining the results with free energies calculated from vapor pressure gives entropies of dilution which show significant deviations from the present statistical theory. A thermodynamic study of rubber + methyl alcohol shows similar but larger deviations. This work forms part of a program of fundamental research on rubber undertaken by the Board of the British Rubber Producers' Research Association.

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Mapping the “Extra Solvent Power, ESP” of Ionic Liquids for Monomers, Polymers and Globular Nanoparticles

10.26434/chemrxiv.5384293.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jose A. Pomposo

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Linear Polymers ◽

Green Solvents ◽

Ionic Polymers ◽

First Time ◽

Solvent Power

Understanding the miscibility behavior of ionic liquid (IL) / monomer, IL / polymer and IL / nanoparticle mixtures is critical for the use of ILs as green solvents in polymerization processes, and to rationalize recent observations concerning the superior solubility of some proteins in ILs when compared to standard solvents. In this work, the most relevant results obtained in terms of a three-component Flory-Huggins theory concerning the “Extra Solvent Power, ESP” of ILs when compared to traditional non-ionic solvents for monomeric solutes (case I), linear polymers (case II) and globular nanoparticles (case III) are presented. Moreover, useful ESP maps are drawn for the first time for IL mixtures corresponding to case I, II and III. Finally, a potential pathway to improve the miscibility of non-ionic polymers in ILs is also proposed.

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Heats of mixing of binary mixtures of pyridine base with n-alkane

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v88-263 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 66 (7) ◽

pp. 1625-1627 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Teresa Kasprzycka-Guttman ◽

Juan H. Vera

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Binary Mixtures ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Pyridine Base ◽

Heats Of Mixing

Heats of mixing of 2,4-lutidine and 2,4,6-collidine with n-alkanes were measured at 293.15 K using an isothermal dilution calorimeter. Experimental results were fitted with a Redlich–Kister polynomial. Experimental data and coefficients for the Redlich–Kister polynomials are reported.

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Property blending relationships for binary mixtures of mineral oil and elektrionised vegetable oil: viscosity, solvent power, and seal compatibility index

Lubrication Science ◽

10.1002/ls.154 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 263-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michel Roegiers ◽

Boris Zhmud

Keyword(s):

Binary Mixtures ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Oil Viscosity ◽

Compatibility Index ◽

Solvent Power

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Notizen:Mischungsenthalpien beim flüssigen System Wasser + Essigsäure / Heats of Mixing for the Liquid System Water + Acetic Acid

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.1515/zna-1972-1028 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 1527-1529 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. Haase ◽

P. Steinmetz ◽

K.-H. Dücker

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Power Series ◽

Liquid System ◽

Heat Of Mixing ◽

Pure Liquid ◽

Calorimetric Measurements ◽

Heats Of Mixing ◽

Free Parameters ◽

C 30 ◽

System Water

Calorimetric measurements of the heats of mixing for the liquid system water+acetic acid at 17 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C show that there is a change of sign in the function H̅E(x), where H̅E denotes the molar heat of mixing and x the mole fraction of acetic acid. The process of mixing the pure liquid components is weakly exothermic for low acid concentrations, but strongly endothermic for high acid concentrations. The function H̅E can be approximately represented by the usual power series with respect to x, five free parameters at each temperature being necessary.

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Liquid Phase Separation in Ag-Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni, Co Cr-Cu-Fe-Mn-Ni and Co-Cr-Cu-Fe-Mn-Ni-B High Entropy Alloys for Biomedical Application

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst10060527 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 527 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Takeshi Nagase ◽

Mitsuharu Todai ◽

Takayoshi Nakano

Keyword(s):

Phase Separation ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Biomedical Application ◽

Melting Process ◽

Liquid Phase Separation ◽

Heat Of Mixing ◽

High Entropy Alloys ◽

High Entropy ◽

Metallic Biomaterials ◽

Fundamental Research

The liquid phase separation (LPS) behavior in Co-Cr-based high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is an important target for the development of Co-Cr-based HEAs for metallic biomaterials (BioHEAs). The solidification microstructure in Ag-Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni-Ag, Co-Cr-Cu-Fe-Mn-Ni-Cu, and Co-Cr-Cu-Fe-Mn-Ni-B HEAs, which were designed as the combination of the equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi with Ag, Cu, and the interstitial element of B, was investigated as the fundamental research of LPS in Co-Cr-based HEAs. Ingots of equiatomic AgCoCrFeMnNi, equiatomic CoCrCuFeMnNi, non-equiatomic CoCrCuxFeMnNi (x = 2, 3), and CoCrCuxFeMnNiB0.2 (x = 1, 2, 3) with a small amount of B were fabricated using the arc-melting process. A macroscopic phase-separated structure was observed in the ingots of the equiatomic AgCoCrFeMnNi and CoCrCuxFeMnNiB0.2 (x = 2, 3) HEAs. The addition of a small amount of B enhanced the LPS tendency in the Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni-Cu HEAs. The LPS behavior was discussed through the heat of mixing and computer coupling of phase diagrams and thermochemistry (CALPHAD).

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The Statistical Length of Long-Chain Molecules

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3543237 ◽

1946 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 1002-1008 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. R. G. Treloar

Keyword(s):

Independent Method ◽

Distribution Functions ◽

Research Association ◽

Chain Molecules ◽

Isoprene Unit ◽

Fundamental Research ◽

A Chain ◽

Long Chain

Abstract A formula is derived for the complete function representing the probability of a given distance between the ends of a chain of universally jointed equal links. The formula is computed for chains of 25 and 100 links. The distribution functions derived from this formula are compared with those previously worked out by an independent method for polyisoprene and paraffin chains. It is shown that the polyisoprene chain is statistically equivalent to a randomly-jointed chain of length corresponding to 1.42 links per isoprene unit. This work forms part of a program of fundamental research on rubber undertaken by the Board of the British Rubber Producers' Research Association.

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The Heat of Mixing for Binary Mixtures of Triethylamine with Alcohols

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch9610520 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 520 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

TJV Findlay

Keyword(s):

Binary Mixtures ◽

Vapour Pressure ◽

Alcohol Molecule ◽

Heat Of Mixing ◽

Pressure Data ◽

Calorimetric Measurements

Calorimetric measurements of the heat of mixing have been made at 25 �C and 40 �C for binary mixtures of triethylamine with methanol, and at 25 �C and 45 �C for binary mixtures of triethylamine with ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol. It is found that the heat of mixing for these systems becomes slightly less negative as the temperature is increased. However, apart from methanol, the size of the alcohol molecule has little effect on the heat of mixing. The results obtained are compared with those calculated from vapour pressure data in an earlier paper.

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