scholarly journals The Diagnostic Role of Distress Tolerance, Metacognition, Sensation Seeking, and Perceived Social Disorganization in Methamphetamine, Opium, and Alcohol users

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (60) ◽  
pp. 325-350
Author(s):  
Maedeh Shahbahrami ◽  
Shahram Mohammad khani ◽  
Mehdi Akbari ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Distress Tolerance ◽  
Diagnostic Role ◽  
Alcohol Users

The Role of Gender and Sensation Seeking in Film Choice

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita C. Banerjee ◽  
Kathryn Greene ◽  
Marina Krcmar ◽  
Zhanna Bagdasarov ◽  
Dovile Ruginyte
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Happy Mood

This study demonstrates the significance of individual difference factors, particularly gender and sensation seeking, in predicting media choice (examined through hypothetical descriptions of films that participants anticipated they would view). This study used a 2 (Positive mood/negative mood) × 2 (High arousal/low arousal) within-subject design with 544 undergraduate students recruited from a large northeastern university in the United States. Results showed that happy films and high arousal films were preferred over sad films and low-arousal films, respectively. In terms of gender differences, female viewers reported a greater preference than male viewers for happy-mood films. Also, male viewers reported a greater preference for high-arousal films compared to female viewers, and female viewers reported a greater preference for low-arousal films compared to male viewers. Finally, high sensation seekers reported a preference for high-arousal films. Implications for research design and importance of exploring media characteristics are discussed.

Impulsivity and Aggression: A Meta-analysis Using the UPPS Model of Impulsivity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad Bresin
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Negative Urgency ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Trait Impulsivity

Trait impulsivity has long been proposed to play a role in aggression, but the results across studies have been mixed. One possible explanation for the mixed results is that impulsivity is a multifaceted construct and some, but not all, facets are related to aggression. The goal of the current meta-analysis was to determine the relation between the different facets of impulsivity (i.e., negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, and sensation seeking) and aggression. The results from 93 papers with 105 unique samples (N = 36, 215) showed significant and small-to-medium correlations between each facet of impulsivity and aggression across several different forms of aggression, with more impulsivity being associated with more aggression. Moreover, negative urgency (r = .24, 95% [.18, .29]), positive urgency (r = .34, 95% [.19, .44]), and lack of premeditation (r = .23, 95% [.20, .26]) had significantly stronger associations with aggression than the other scales (rs < .18). Two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling showed that these effects were not due to overlap among facets of impulsivity. These results help advance the field of aggression research by clarifying the role of impulsivity and may be of interest to researchers and practitioners in several disciplines.

Alcohol use in daily life: Examining the role of trait and state impulsivity facets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Griffin ◽  
Timothy J Trull
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Drinking Behaviors ◽  
Ecological Momentary

Objectives: Using Ecological Momentary Assessment methods (EMA) we aimed to investigate the influence of trait and state (momentary) impulsivity on alcohol use behaviors in daily life. Facets of the UPPS trait model of impulsivity (Whiteside and Lynam, 2001) have been found to differentially relate to alcohol-related outcomes and behaviors in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The present work expands on this by assessing UPPS facets in daily life and examining the contributions of trait and state impulsivity facets to daily life drinking behavior. Methods: 49 participants were prompted at least six times per day for 21 days. A total of 4,548 collected EMA reports were included in analyses. Multi-level models were computed predicting daily life alcohol use behaviors from state and trait impulsivity facets and relevant covariates. Results: Individual facets of momentary impulsivity differentially related to alcohol outcomes, such that (lack of) premeditation and, to a lesser extent, sensation seeking showed unique patterns of association with drinking and drinking quantity. Only trait levels of (lack of) premeditation were related to drinking behavior in daily life; no other trait UPPS scale significantly related to alcohol use. Conclusions: These results highlight state difficulties with premeditation as particularly relevant to drinking behavior in daily life. Our results also support the incremental validity of state impulsivity facets over trait level measures in relation to drinking behavior in daily life. These findings offer important insight into the phenomenology of daily-life alcohol use and highlight possible avenues for intervention and prevention efforts. Public Health Statement: Momentary fluctuations in premeditation predict alcohol use in daily life. Treatments targeting planning or forethought in relation to alcohol use may interrupt this process contributing to daily life drinking behaviors.

scholarly journals 332 The diagnostic role of shunt series radiographs (SSR) in children presenting to the children’s emergency department (CED) with suspected ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 852.3-853
Author(s):  
Angharad Griffiths ◽  
Ikechukwu Okafor ◽  
Thomas Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
List Type ◽  
Shunt Failure ◽  
Vp Shunt ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diagnostic Role

Aims/Objectives/BackgroundVP shunts are used to drain CSF from the cranial vault because of a wide range of pathologies and, like any piece of hardware, can fail. Traditionally investigations include SSR and CT. This project examines the role of SSR in evaluating children with suspected VP shunt failure.Primary outcome: Sensitivity and specificity of SSR in children presenting to the CED with concern for shunt failure.Methods/DesignConducted in a single centre, tertiary CED of the national Irish Neurosurgical(NS) referral centre (ED attendance:>50,000 patients/year). 100 sequential SSR requested by the CED were reviewed. Clinical information was extracted from electronic requests. Shunt failure was defined by the need for NS intervention(Revision).Abstract 332 Figure 1Abstract 332 Figure 2Results/ConclusionsSensitivity and specificity is presented in figure 1 (two by two table).100 radiographs performed in 84 children.22% shunts revised (see flow diagram).7 SSR’s were abnormal.85% (n=6) shunts revised. [5 following abnormal CT].Of the normal SSR’s; 16 had abnormal CT and revised.85/100 received CT.64 of 85 CT’s (75%) were normal.□6 of the 64 had focal shunt concern.SSR’s shouldn’t be used in isolation. NPV&PPV, Sensitivity&Specificity is low.SSR’s are beneficial where there’s concern over focal shunt problems (injury/pain/swelling) or following abnormal CT.VP shunt failure is not well investigated with SSR alone.SSR’s could be omitted where there is no focal shunt concern/after normal CT (without impacting clinical outcome) reducing radiation exposure and reduce impact on CED’s.59 SSR’s could have been avoided without adverse clinical outcome.

Buying-Shopping Disorder among Women: The Role of Vulnerability to Marketing, Buying Motives, Impulsivity, and Self-Esteem

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-303
Author(s):  
Emeline Chauchard ◽  
Julie Mariez ◽  
Marie Grall-Bronnec ◽  
Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Intention To Purchase ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Alcohol Users ◽  
The Relationship

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The influence of marketing on addictive behaviours has been studied among tobacco and alcohol users. Although the fashion industry is highly influenced by marketing, research has poorly studied vulnerability to fashion marketing as a factor related to buying-shopping disorder (BSD) while considering psychological characteristics (buying motives, impulsivity, and self-esteem). <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective of the present work is to investigate the relationship between vulnerability to marketing and BSD. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Women (<i>n</i> = 242) were exclusively recruited through social networking. They completed an online survey exploring the severity of BSD using the <i>Compulsive Buying Scale</i> (CBS) and the psychological factors associated with BSD (impulsivity, self-esteem, and buying motives) and an experimental task designed to investigate the intention to purchase in several situations, where marketing modalities such as price, brand, and packaging fluctuate. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Among the 242 participants in the study, 34 were identified as compulsive buyers (14%). Income level was considered, and compulsive buyers displayed a higher level of vulnerability to marketing, except for the packaging modality. High levels of positive urgency, lack of premeditation, and coping motivation were found to be significant predictors of the CBS score, but vulnerability to marketing was not. <b><i>Discussion and Conclusions:</i></b> Compulsive buyers seem to be more sensitive to marketing strategies, although vulnerability to marketing was not identified as a predictor of the severity of BSD. Given the enormous literature on the role of marketing in other addictive behaviours, further studies are needed to better understand the role of marketing in BSD to develop appropriate public health policies.

Double-Balloon Enteroscopy in Detecting Small-Bowel Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Single-Center Prospective Study

Digestion ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Roberta Elisa Rossi ◽  
Luca Elli ◽  
Federica Branchi ◽  
Dario Conte ◽  
Sara Massironi
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasm ◽  
Unknown Primary ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Double Balloon Enteroscopy ◽  
Balloon Enteroscopy ◽  
Double Balloon ◽  
Diagnostic Role ◽  
Positive Results

<b><i>Background and Aim:</i></b> Small-bowel neuroendocrine neoplasm (sbNEN) diagnosis has improved with double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE). DBE efficacy in the detection of sbNENs is unknown. We aimed to report the experience at a single referral center for NENs. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> All consecutive patients with a suspected sbNEN selected for diagnostic DBE were enrolled. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Between 2011 and 2016, 25 patients were referred for a suspected sbNEN. In 15/25 patients, a primary NEN was detected outside the small bowel; in 4, NEN was excluded. After extensive workup, 6 patients (4 males, median age 50 years) underwent DBE (3 anterograde, 2 retrograde, and 1 both; median time: 60 min; median insertion 200 cm). DBE was positive in 3 patients: one had an ileal 2-cm NEN G1, one had an ileal 1.3-cm NEN G1, and one had an ileal 1-cm NEN G2, all surgically removed. Of the 3 other patients, one had a metastatic NEN of unknown primary, the other two had small intestinal NENs, both surgically removed (1.6-cm G1 and G2 NEN). DBE showed a sensitivity of 60% and, in absence of false-positive results, a specificity of 100%. Accuracy resulted 67%. No complications were observed. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In line with data from the literature, the present series showed that DBE is a safe and effective procedure in the diagnosis of sbNENs. Further studies are needed to better clarify the diagnostic role of DBE in the neuroendocrine tumor setting and its relationship with other techniques.

Eignung der Kapillarmikroskopie zur Diagnostik und Differenzierung einer ILD

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Sabine Adler
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Creatine Phosphokinase ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Assessment ◽  
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathies ◽  
Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Diagnostic Role

Nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) is an easy tool used for the assessment of patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) as possibly associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Recent insights have also highlighted its role in the diagnostic assessment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs). The aim of this study is to describe the diagnostic role of NVC in a series of 361 consecutive patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). All the patients were assessed by clinical pulmonary and rheumatic examinations, blood exams, high-resolution computed tomography and NVC. NVC was considered positive only in the presence of avascular areas or giant capillaries, but also, the presence of bushy capillaries (BCs) was recorded. NVC was positive in 17.7% of ILD patients and in 78.1% of ILD patients associated with a diagnosis of connective tissue disease (CTD). In 25% of SSc-ILD patients, NVC proved necessary for a correct diagnosis. The presence of BCs and/or NVC positivity in ILD patients with normal levels of creatine phosphokinase is associated with amyopathic IIM, regardless the presence of RP. In conclusion, NVC is useful for the diagnostic assessment of incomplete forms of CTD and in amyopathic IIMs. NVC should be considered in the diagnostic assessment of ILD patients regardless of the presence of RP.

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