scholarly journals ON SOME FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES ASSYRIA AND BIAINILI-URARTU (673-672 B.C.)

2016 ◽  
pp. 31-56
Author(s):  
RUSLAN TSAKANYAN
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Near East ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
The South ◽  
Policy Issues

In the paper are discussed the issues of the Urartian King Rusa II/III’s (685-660(?) B.C.) campaign to Transeuphratian region, the circumstances of the Assyrian conquest of the country Šubria by King Esarhaddon (681-669 B.C.), the specification of the year of the medians anti-Assyrian rebellion as well. In the result of the simultaneous research of Ancient Near East history, the author came to conclusion that the campaigns had the tendency to prevent the possibility of the attack of the “House of Torgome” («Տուն Թորգոմա», «Bêṭ-Tôgarmā/Torgāmā») (by the reign of Esarhaddon new dangers had appeared which directed Assyrian attention once again to these regions). The latter had occupied serious position in the Eastern Asia Minor at the close of the VIII century and now was trying to extend the influence in the East and in the South-East posing a threat for Assyria and Urartu. And only from such point of view it is possible to consider the aforementioned campaigns. As to the medians anti-Assyrian rebellion during researches the author came to conclusion that it took place after the Assyrian conquest of Šubria in the same year in 672 B.C.

Antiquarianism in the Near East

2020 ◽  
pp. 132-162
Author(s):  
Thomas Roebuck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Near East ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Bodleian Library ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
International Scholarship ◽  
Western European

This chapter provides an account of Thomas Smith’s pioneering account of the archaeology of the ancient Near Eastern church, his Survey of the Seven Churches of Asia, first published in Latin in 1672. The book remained a huge influence on travellers to Asia Minor well into the nineteenth century, as clergymen and amateur archaeologists retraced Smith’s steps, with his book as guide. Drawing upon the vast archive of Smith’s letters and manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, the chapter places the book firmly in its original context, unpicking the complex interweaving of patronage, religion, and international scholarship which shaped the work. In the end, Smith’s book looks backwards and forwards: back to the traditions of seventeenth-century English confessionalized scholarship and orientalism, and forwards to later eighteenth- and nineteenth-century archaeological traditions. As such, this study sheds light on a pivotal moment in Western European approaches to the ancient Near East.

scholarly journals The Journey Begins: Letter from Vasily Struve to Mikhail Rostovtzev of 25 May 1914

2020 ◽  
pp. 1119-1130
Author(s):  
Ivan A. Ladynin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Near East ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of

The article presents a publication of the letter from Vasily Vasilievich Struve (1889–1965), pioneer in the research of the Ancient Near East societies in the Soviet Union, to Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzev (1870–1952), the prominent Classicist, one of the first scholars in socio-economic history of the Antiquity in pre-revolutionary Russia. The letter was written during Struve’s post-graduate sabbatical in Berlin in 1914; it is stored in the Russian State Historical Archives in St. Petersburg. The document is significant due to its information on Struve’s stay in Berlin and on his contacts with leading German scholars (including Eduard Meyer and Adolf Erman), but it also touches upon a bigger issue. In the early 1930s Struve forwarded his concept of slave-owning mode of production in the Ancient Near East, which was immediately accepted into official historiography, making him a leading theoretician in the Soviet research of ancient history. It has been repeatedly stated in memoirs and in post-Soviet historiography that this concept and, generally speaking, Struve’s interest in socio-economic issues was opportunistic. His 1910s articles on the Ptolemaic society and state published prior to the Russian revolution weigh heavily against this point of view. The published letter contains Struve’s assessment of his future thesis (state institutions of the New Kingdom of Egypt) and puts its topic in the context of current discussions on the Ptolemaic state and society and of his studies in the Rostovtzev’s seminar at the St. Petersburg University. Struve declares the study of Egyptian social structure and connections between its pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic phases his life-task, introduced to him by Rostovtzev. Thus, Struve’s early interest in these issues appears to be sincere; it stems from pre-revolutionary trends in the Russian scholarship.

Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer: Bronze Age Cities in Iron Age Context

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Yosef Garfinkel ◽  
Michael Pietsch
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Royal Ideology ◽  
The City

Abstract The historical King Solomon has been discussed and debated by many scholars over the years. It is interesting, however, to see that the historicity of the city list of Hazor, Megiddo, and Gezer has been accepted by traditional and more radical scholars alike, who have suggested historical contexts in the 10th, 9th, or 8th century BCE for it. In this article we examine the list from a primarily literary point of view, placing it in the broader context of royal ideology in the ancient Near East and arguing that it may preserve memories of great cities from the Canaanite era.

Information Exchange and Relations between Ahhiyawa and the Hittite Empire

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Tea Dularidze
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Near East ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Middle Kingdom ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Greek Tradition

The majority of scholars identify the long-disputed term Ahhiyawa found in the Hittite texts as Achaea of the Homeric epics. According to the Hittite texts, Ahhiyawa and Hittite relations can be dated from the Middle Kingdom period. The term was first used in the records of Suppiluliuma I (1380-1346). Documents discussed (the records of Mursili II and Muwatalli II) demonstrate that Ahhiyawa was a powerful country. Its influence extended to Millawanda, which evidently reached the sea. Especially interesting is the “Tawagalawa letter” dated to the 13th century BC, in which the Hittite king makes excuses for his blunder committed at an early age. The Hittite king takes a diplomatic step towards the resolution of the conflict and starts negotiations with a party (Ahhiyawa) that could act as a mediator. We can infer from the letter that Ahhiyawa had its representatives in Millawanda, while its relations with the Land of the Hatti were managed through envoys. The powerful position of Ahhiyawa is also evident from Tudhaliya IV’s letter to the ruler of Amurru, where he refers to the kings of Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, and Ahhiyawa as to his equals. Thus, Ahhiyawa of the Hittite texts fully corresponds to Homeric Achaea. The invaders have three appellations in The Iliad: the Achaeans, the Danaans, and the Argives. The Achaeans can be found in Hittite documents, while the Danaans are mentioned in the Egyptian sources. Ahhiyawa is the land of the Achaeans, which laid the foundation for the development of the Hellenic civilization in the Aegean. It can be argued that the Greeks were actively involved in the foreign policy of the ancient Near East. The information conveyed by the Greek tradition is supported by the archeological finds confirming the rise of the Hellenes in the continental Greece from the 14th century BC. According to the tradition, the Mycenaeans went far beyond the Near East, reaching Colchis (The Argonaut legend).

INTELLIGENCE AND LLOYD GEORGE'S SECRET DIPLOMACY IN THE NEAR EAST, 1920–1922

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL-JOSEPH MACARTHUR-SEAL
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Near East ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
British Government ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
British Policy

ABSTRACTThe article seeks to establish the significance of intercepted Greek diplomatic messages as both historical source and catalyst in Britain's Near Eastern policy in the crucial years of 1920–2. Specifically, the intercepts reveal how members of the British government, foremost among them the prime minister, covertly supported Greek expansion in Asia Minor even after declaring neutrality in the conflict. Such evidence confirms rumours that were dismissed as fallacious by those implicated and by their defenders in later historiography. Aside from their value as historical sources, the intercepts had an immediate and significant impact which has also been neglected. Intelligence regarding a distant conflict became central to a war at the heart of Westminster and helped mobilize a cross-party, transnational coalition against Lloyd George's foreign policy in the region. Although Lloyd George's opponents, incited by intelligence revelations, eventually succeeded in transforming British policy, this reverse did little to reduce the scale of the resultant catastrophe.

Blessings and Curses in Deuteronomy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Quick
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Near East ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Law ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ancient Texts

The law code of the book of Deuteronomy is capped with a series of blessings and curses that either promise reward or threaten harm upon the individuals subject to the Deuteronomic laws. While this method of divine encouragement to keep the commandments of God might seem surprising from a theological point of view, blessings and curses were an integral part of the legal, political, and religious life of the ancient Near East, found in a variety of ancient texts, including the Hebrew Bible, Neo-Assyrian treaties, and Northwest Semitic inscriptions. Placing the biblical blessings and curses within the larger context of this ancient Near Eastern material provides new insights into the background and function of the blessings and curses in the book of Deuteronomy, and in the Hebrew Bible more generally.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Quick
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Near Eastern Studies

The law code of the book of Deuteronomy is capped with a series of curses that threaten harm upon the individual subject to the legislation, should they fail to keep the Deuteronomic laws. While this method of divine encouragement to keep the commandments of God might seem surprising from a theological point of view, curses were an integral part of the legal, political, and religious life of the ancient Near East. This introduction considers some of the key interpretative questions associated with the curses in Deuteronomy 28, encompassing the apparently paralleled ancient Near Eastern material (and related to this, the problem of the comparative method in biblical and ancient Near Eastern studies), and the ritual dimension inherent to the pronouncement of curses and the formulation of treaties in the ancient world.

Tin in the Turkish Taurus mountains: the Bolkardağ mining district

Antiquity ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (232) ◽  
pp. 220-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aslihan Yener ◽  
Hadi Özbal
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
External Source ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Mining District ◽  
The South ◽  
Taurus Mountains

The sources of tin in the ancient Near East have been a long-standing puzzle. Anatolia is a key area, for it has copper in vast quantities, and silver. Since no substantial or workable deposits of tin seemed to exist in Turkey, an external source for tin bronzes in Anatolia has seemed necessary. The new finds reported here change that picture, as they reveal a major source of the metal in the Taurus mountains, on the south coast of Anatolia.

scholarly journals Studying the problems of church autocephaly in the socio-political context of the 19 th — early 20 th centuries in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-593
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Chumakova ◽  
◽  
Michaela Moravchikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Near East ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of autocephaly of Orthodox Churches in Russia during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Interest in this aspect of aspect of Orthodox ecclesiology and canon law intensified not only because of the development of Orthodox theology in Russia, but also due to the fact that this problem acquired political significance. It was connected with some matters of domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Empire. The annexation of Georgian in the early nineteenth century and liquidation of the autocephaly of the Georgian Church by the decision of the secular authorities provided the enduring source of the anti-governmental mood among Georgian elite, traditionally closely connected with the local clergy. The foreign policy interests of the empire in the Near East and Asia Minor also contributed to the intensification of research in the field of ecclesiastic history and the modern structure of ancient patriarchates. The greatest factor that contributed to an increase in such research interests was the emergence of new autocephalous churches: the Greek and Bulgarian churches separated from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Separation of the Bulgarian Church provoked an aggressive polemic in the Russian press. The problem of nationalism was highlighted, which is significant for the Orthodox tradition. As an attachment to the article, the authors include the text of a report on the possibility of the autocephaly of the Georgian Church composed by Vladimir Beneshevich in 1917. The report was made upon request of the Provisional Government and it is preserved in the collection of Beneshevich at the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

scholarly journals BIPOLAR COLLAPSE AND NEW GEOPOLITICAL STATUS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (127) ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
O. Kondratenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The South ◽  
The World ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The content of the new geo-strategic status of the Russian Federation that emerged after the collapse of the world socialist system and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The strategic conditions in which Russia is closely linked to the geopolitical environment that developed after the emergence of new independent states, the department new Russian borders. Russia in comparison with the USSR lost 25% of the territory, more than half of the population and the industrial and economic potential. RF is currently trying to stick to the geopolitical balance between Europe and Asia with a view to obtaining the role of the Eurasian transcontinental bridge. At the same time Russia was faced with geopolitical realities, which are connected with the restriction of its communications and foreign policy capabilities influence both on the west and south-east directions in connection with the new status of yesterday’s post-Soviet republics. Ukraine, Belarus and other former Soviet states of Eastern Europe addressed by the Russian Federation only as a geopolitical buffer on the south-western strategic flank. In the end, on the South Caucasus and Central Asia is assigned as a buffer on the south and south-east strategic flanks. From the point of view of the Russian geostrategy «vulnerable» segment of the border remains, which borders with Poland and the Baltic states. However, in recent years, Russia gradually loses its geopolitical influence in Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova. There is a significant probability that in the medium term, Belarus will pay its strategic vector of foreign policy towards the EU and NATO. Such transformation in the foreign policy of the newly independent states will be another step in the destruction of geopolitical influence of Russia in the post-Soviet space. This situation is further more than changing the geopolitical landscape of the post-Soviet space and affects the geopolitical picture of the world as a whole.

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