scholarly journals Gandhian Way of Education: M.K. Gandhi’s Educational Philosophy in R.K. Narayan’s Swami and Friends

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-144
Author(s):  
Piyush B. Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Educational Philosophy ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Made In ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

M.K. Gandhi is a unique paradox. He has been sanctified and idolised for his beliefs and teachings and at the same time has been assumed as an impractical idealist. On the contrary his educational philosophy has been highly practical and in the ever-changing times and challenges of the 21st century, it becomes pertinent to explore it.Education is the facilitator of humanity. It is precisely this understanding of education that Gandhi propounds in his philosophical understanding of the same. The roots of all evils lie in ignorance of education and the roots of all virtuousness lies in adherence to it.R.K. Narayan (1906-2001) and M.K. Gandhi (1869-1948) were two major figures of the 20th century India, owing to the former’s literary and the latter’s political and philosophical sensibilities. Gandhi's ideas and ideals regarding education are multi-faceted. For him education has multiple aims and objectives. For him education is not only a means to serve an individual or a national cause but goes on to serve the still larger cause of humanity. It is this aspect of his teachings which will remain the focal point of this paper. The novel Swami and Friends (1935) is written in the characteristic Narayanian vein which refuses to evolve and incorporate serious issues on the surface. Though primarily it appears to be apolitical and plain in style, the novel nonetheless exhibits some serious issues related to education. Efforts would be made in the paper to show how the educational system portrayed in the novel is in stark contrast to the educational philosophy and the ideals for which Gandhi pined throughout his life. The paper would hence attempt to delineate the Gandhian educational philosophy by placing it in and around the critique of education that R.K. Narayan offers in his debut novel Swami and Friends (1935).

scholarly journals The Millennial Antinostalgic: Yoav in Nadav Lapid’s Synonymes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-86
Author(s):  
Jora Vaso
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Witold Gombrowicz ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Made In

In contemporary, transnational exilic cinema exile an artist is made in an exilic journey. The 21st century journey departs from entirely opposite premises than those of the ancient journey, namely with the desire to escape one’s birthplace. The aim of the exile has also transformed: from a necessary step to secure one’s livelihood or even life, it has become one of exploration. Rather than the desire to settle elsewhere or to eventually return home, the exile sets on an open-ended, exploratory journey the premise of which is finding oneself. In this, the physical journey has come to resemble the metaphysical one of the artist. The exile departs from a physical place and journeys into a metaphysical space, geography becoming secondary while still being necessary. This journey is best recounted in the film Synonymes (2019) by Israeli director Nadav Lapid, an autobiographical tale that chronicles the director’s own exile from Israel to Paris and captures his journey toward becoming an artist. The paper references two prominently antinostalgic authors: 20th century Polish writer Witold Gombrowicz and Polsih-Jewish writer Henryk Grynberg.

scholarly journals Violencia y multiplicidad narrativa en Bioy, de Diego Trelles Paz

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 110-145
Author(s):  
Pedro Mármol Ávila
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Narrative Voices

This article presents a study about violence in the novel Bioy (2012), by Diego Trelles Paz, by means of two axes: time and narrative voices. Both structure a narration characterised by its narrative multiplicity, correlated with the complexity of the violence that the text explores, emerged from Peru at the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century. The aim is to elucidate the coordinates of the violence in the text through the two mentioned axes.

scholarly journals The Poetic Cinema of the Post-Cultural Era

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Yelena Alexeyevna Yeliseyeva
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Made In

The article analyses the perception of the poetic cinema visual images as exemplified by Russian films made in various decades. The author shows the changes in the expressive manner used by the filmmakers of the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century

scholarly journals The Reception of Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent in the Studies of Russian Authors in 1900s-1940s: Religious and Philosophical Understanding, Biography, Psychoanalysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-195
Author(s):  
Olga A. Bogdanova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Conflict ◽  
Oedipus Complex ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

The history of the perception of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel The Adolescent in the first half of the 20th century is divided into two large, qualitatively different periods: the Silver Age and the 1920s–1940s. The peculiarity of the first one is the discovery of Dostoevsky as a philosopher and religious thinker, while the second the awareness of him as an original artist. Therefore, in the first period, “ideological” and “spiritual” interpretations of The Adolescent prevailed, in the second – scientific studies of his poetics and especially of the manuscript corpus. The main areas of study of The Adolescent in the 1920s and 1940s were biography, psychoanalysis, and poetics, together with a continuous religious and philosophical understanding of the novel. The reviewed material is considered in chronological order. There is no clear distinction between Soviet and emigrant researchers, although there is a difference in the conditions in which they worked. Among the authors who wrote about The Adolescent in the 1900s and 1910s, symbolist and religious-philosophical interpretations predominate (D.S. Merezhkovsky, A.A. Blok, V.V. Rozanov, A.S. Glinka-Volzhsky, N.A. Berdyaev), judgments from the positions of naturalism, positivism, and Marxism are less common (A.I. Vvedensky, V.V. Veresaev, V.F. Pereverzev). If in the USSR of the 1920s–1940s references to The Adolescent in a religious and philosophical way are rare (N.O. Lossky), then in emigration they are quite numerous (metropolitan Antony Khrapovitsky, N.A. Berdyaev, A.Z. Steinberg, E.Yu. Kuzmina-Karavaeva, N.O. Lossky). In Dostoevsky’s biographies of the 1920s–1940s, the myth of the writer’s gloomy childhood prevails, as if depicted in the plot of Arkady Dolgoruky, the hero of The Adolescent (L.P. Grossman, I.D. Ermakov, K.V. Mochulsky), but in the same years, there is confidence in the evidence of Dostoevsky’s happy childhood (O. von Schultz, G.I. Chulkov). Psychoanalysis, authoritative in the 1920s, considered the family conflict of The Adolescent in the light of the Oedipus complex and the teachings of Z. Freud on the structure of the human personality (A.A. Kashina-Evreinova, B.A. Griftsov, I.D. Ermakov, P.S. Popov).

A Collection of Geographical Maps in Gazi Husrev-beg’s Library

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 239-263
Author(s):  
Ada Pilav
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Geographical Maps ◽  
Made In

Besides a multitude and great quantity of the archival material, the richness of Gazi Husrev-beg’s Library is reflected in a large number of geographical maps in different languages and from different time periods. The collection contains a significant number of topographical, thematic, straightforward and hand-drawn maps. This paper aims at presenting a collection of geographical maps, thus making information about this hitherto unknown collection available to research workers. While carrying out an analysis of geographical maps, the basic data was collected and listed (i.e. the publisher, the year and the place of map publishing- if there was such information on the map), and a brief desription was given by means of reading geographical signs. The geographical maps date back to different time periods, and most of them date back to the Austro-Hungarian period, starting from 1827, and also to the 20th century, the period of the SHS Kingdom (the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) and Yugoslavia. There are also recent maps, to be sure, printed in the 21st century. The maps were made in different languages, and those maps that were made in Ottoman-Turkish and Arabic occupy a special place, as well as the maps in Latin which date back to different time periods. In September 2019, the Library got as a gift a large number of maps from a private collection owned by Professor Ibrahim Bušatlija, God rest his soul. The maps were examined and registered in the database of the Library’s stock of materials. The collection also includes three globes, two of which were made by hand.

Modernization and Accountability in the Social Economy

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Santos ◽  
Augusta da Conceição Santos Ferreira ◽  
Rui Pedro Figueiredo Marques ◽  
Graça Maria do Carmo Azevedo ◽  
Helena Inácio
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Economy Organizations ◽  
Made In

This chapter aims to systematically review the literature on modernization and accountability practice in the social economy. The collection of bibliography to support this systematic review was made in several scientific databases, only considering documents written in English. The criteria for researching the documents used in the development of this chapter are explained in the section that presents the methodology. It is possible to verify that only two articles published in the 20th century, 1997 and 1999, were identified, with all other articles published in the 21st century. This leads to the conclusion that the concern about the issue of accountability, particularly in social economy organizations, is relatively recent and has been of growing interest. The research is more focused on the accountability practice and not so much on modernization, although they are two inseparable issues.

scholarly journals The Reception of Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent in the Studies of Russian Authors in 1900s-1940s: Religious and Philosophical Understanding, Biography, Psychoanalysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-195
Author(s):  
Olga A. Bogdanova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Conflict ◽  
Oedipus Complex ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

The history of the perception of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel The Adolescent in the first half of the 20th century is divided into two large, qualitatively different periods: the Silver Age and the 1920s–1940s. The peculiarity of the first one is the discovery of Dostoevsky as a philosopher and religious thinker, while the second the awareness of him as an original artist. Therefore, in the first period, “ideological” and “spiritual” interpretations of The Adolescent prevailed, in the second – scientific studies of his poetics and especially of the manuscript corpus. The main areas of study of The Adolescent in the 1920s and 1940s were biography, psychoanalysis, and poetics, together with a continuous religious and philosophical understanding of the novel. The reviewed material is considered in chronological order. There is no clear distinction between Soviet and emigrant researchers, although there is a difference in the conditions in which they worked. Among the authors who wrote about The Adolescent in the 1900s and 1910s, symbolist and religious-philosophical interpretations predominate (D.S. Merezhkovsky, A.A. Blok, V.V. Rozanov, A.S. Glinka-Volzhsky, N.A. Berdyaev), judgments from the positions of naturalism, positivism, and Marxism are less common (A.I. Vvedensky, V.V. Veresaev, V.F. Pereverzev). If in the USSR of the 1920s–1940s references to The Adolescent in a religious and philosophical way are rare (N.O. Lossky), then in emigration they are quite numerous (metropolitan Antony Khrapovitsky, N.A. Berdyaev, A.Z. Steinberg, E.Yu. Kuzmina-Karavaeva, N.O. Lossky). In Dostoevsky’s biographies of the 1920s–1940s, the myth of the writer’s gloomy childhood prevails, as if depicted in the plot of Arkady Dolgoruky, the hero of The Adolescent (L.P. Grossman, I.D. Ermakov, K.V. Mochulsky), but in the same years, there is confidence in the evidence of Dostoevsky’s happy childhood (O. von Schultz, G.I. Chulkov). Psychoanalysis, authoritative in the 1920s, considered the family conflict of The Adolescent in the light of the Oedipus complex and the teachings of Z. Freud on the structure of the human personality (A.A. Kashina-Evreinova, B.A. Griftsov, I.D. Ermakov, P.S. Popov).

scholarly journals Ongoing “bernhardisation”: Alexander Schimmelbusch’s novel“Murau Identity” (Die Murau Identität, 2014)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-99
Author(s):  
Svetlana Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
German Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Public Figure ◽  
Austrian Literature ◽  
Thomas Bernhard ◽  
First Time

For the first time in German literature studies the article examines the novel “Murau Identity” (“Die Murau Identität”, 2014) by Alexander Schimmelbusch (1975) entirely devoted to the oeuvre and public figure of Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989), one of the most important authors in the Austrian literature of the 20th century. The article deals with the representation of Bernhard’s literary style and his public mask in the Schimmelbusch’s novel. Special attention is given to the Schimmelbusch’s interpretation of the characteristic stylistic, narratological, and semantic constants of Bernhardian works. In the article we reveal two main forms of the Bernhardian word’s representation in the novel: parody and stylization. They correspond with two different narrative plans – first person narratives, one of which belongs to the journalist-character, the other one – to the publisher-character. The detailed analysis of the Schimmelbusch’s novel helps to complement the picture of the creative reception of Bernhard’s works in the 21st century.

Changing times: Bringing helpline services into the 21st century

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Drexler ◽  
Donna Zaharevitz ◽  
Matthew J. McCreary
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Changing Times

“Band Wagon and Gravy Train”: uses and abuses along the Silk Road

Afghanistan ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-194
Author(s):  
Warwick Ball
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
International Image ◽  
Academic Discussion ◽  
The Silk Road

The Silk Road as an image is a relatively new one for Afghanistan. It appeals to both the pre-Islamic and the perceived Islamic past, thus offering an Islamic balance to previous identities linked to Bamiyan or to the Kushans. It also appeals to a broader and more international image, one that has been taken up by many other countries. This paper traces the rise of the image of the Silk Road and its use as a metaphor for ancient trade to encompass all contacts throughout Eurasia, prehistoric, ancient and modern, but also how the image has been adopted and expanded into many other areas: politics, tourism and academia. It is argued here that the origin and popularity of the term lies in late 20th century (and increasingly 21st century) politics rather than any reality of ancient trade. Its consequent validity as a metaphor in academic discussion is questioned

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