scholarly journals Effect of Microbacterium Barkeri on the release of water-soluble forms of phosphorus in compost based on sewerage sediment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kruteakova ◽  
◽  
Nina V. Pilyak ◽  
V. Dishliuk ◽  
O. Nikipelova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Model Experiment ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Experimental Scheme

In the conditions of laboratory model experiment on composting of sewage sludge the influence of active phosphate-mobilizing bacteria on the release of water-soluble forms of phosphorus was studied. The experimental scheme included known active phosphate-mobilizing bacteria isolated from various ecological niches. The following components were used for composting: sewage sludge (SS), winter wheat straw and a suspension of phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms isolated from SSs of municipal treatment plants. The largest increase in water-soluble forms of phosphorus at the final stage of composting due to the introduction of Microbacterium barkeri. The greatest growth of water-soluble forms of phosphorus at the final stage of composting is provided by the introduction of Microbacterium barkeri LP-1, which can be explained by the greater adaptation of this strain to the substrate used in the experiments.

scholarly journals Enzyme activities in soil at increasing metal (Cu, Ni, Pb) doses and time-dependence in a model experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Klára Czakó-Vér ◽  
Dávid Somfai ◽  
Erzsébet Suhajda ◽  
Csilla Sipeky ◽  
Gyula Árvay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Model Experiment ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Metal Addition

Aim of this paper is to examine the effect of spiked copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) metal salts on the dehydrogenase (oxydo-reductase) and phosphatase (hydrolase) enzyme activities in a characteristic Hungarian soil, the pseudomycelliar chernozem. Pot-experiment was performed with a soil, originating from a spot of the Hungarian soil-information-monitoring (TIM) system of Bicserd. The added metal salts were used in water soluble forms and incorporated uniformly to the soil. Soils were treated with increasing metal concentrations to give the following metal amounts: 0, 50, 200, and 800 kg.ha-1. Enzyme activities of the soil were analysed at the 0th, 7 th, 14 th, and 28th days after the metal addition. The laboratory model-experiment has been set up in three replicates. Effects of metal salts were largely dependent on the chemical and physical properties of pseudomycelliar chernozem soil, the applied heavy metal-types, the doses of used metals and the elapsed time after the pollution. Considering the different metals, the copper prowed to be the most toxic one on the studied enzyme activities, whereas the lead induced those. By comparison with copper the nickel affected a smaller decrease in the soil microbial activity. The dehydrogenase, oxydo-reductase enzyme was found to be more sensitive parameter in comparison with the phosphatase, hydrolase enzyme among the studied condition. Studied enzymes and used methods are suggested, as fast and rather reliable tools for estimating the soil-resilience capacities at heavy metal pollution.

scholarly journals Winter Wheat Straw Decomposition under Different Nitrogen Fertilizers

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mühlbachová ◽  
Pavel Růžek ◽  
Helena Kusá ◽  
Radek Vavera ◽  
Martin Káš
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Rainy Weather ◽  
N Fertilisers

The climate changes and increased drought frequency still more frequent in recent periods bring challenges to management with wheat straw remaining in the field after harvest and to its decomposition. The field experiment carried out in 2017–2019 in the Czech Republic aimed to evaluate winter wheat straw decomposition under different organic and mineral nitrogen fertilizing (urea, pig slurry and digestate with and without inhibitors of nitrification (IN)). Treatment Straw 1 with fertilizers was incorporated in soil each year the first day of experiment. The Straw 2 was placed on soil surface at the same day as Straw 1 and incorporated together with fertilizers after 3 weeks. The Straw 1 decomposition in N treatments varied between 25.8–40.1% and in controls between 21.5–33.1% in 2017–2019. The Straw 2 decomposition varied between 26.3–51.3% in N treatments and in controls between 22.4–40.6%. Higher straw decomposition in 2019 was related to more rainy weather. The drought observed mainly in 2018 led to the decrease of straw decomposition and to the highest contents of residual mineral nitrogen in soils. The limited efficiency of N fertilisers on straw decomposition under drought showed a necessity of revision of current strategy of N treatments and reduction of N doses adequately according the actual weather conditions.

Influence of previous crops on the productivity of winter wheat varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
A. A. Makarov ◽  
N. I. Mamsirov
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Experimental Scheme ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

In order to realize the maximum potential parameters of winter wheat productivity, it is necessary, first of all, to use high-yielding varieties with optimal quality indicators of grain, as well as progressive agricultural technologies aimed at obtaining a stable crop yield. Winter wheat places high demands on its previous crops. Insufficient amount of productive moisture in the soil or its extremely low reserves affects the yield, and consequently, the quality of winter wheat grain according to unpaired predecessors. Moreover, dry autumn during the sowing period leads to its delay, which is the reason for obtaining uneven and weak seedlings. In this regard, studies have been carried out to study and assess the influence of predecessors on the agrocenosis, yield and grain quality of promising varieties of Adel, Grom, Tanya winter wheat. According to the experimental scheme, peas, corn for silage and sunflower have been identified as the preceding crops for winter wheat. Agrotechnology in experience is generally accepted for the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea. The results of the research made it possible to identify the most optimal of the considered predecessors in the cultivation of winter wheat, capable of providing stable yields with high quality grain. Certain differences in the photosynthetic activity of the studied winter wheat varieties for different predecessors have been noted. It has been found that the leaf area of winter wheat varieties is in the range of 30,0–33,5 thousand m2/ha. The highest dry matter content in the range of 4,9–5,0 t/ha is observed in the Grom variety, and the predecessor is peas. The largest number of grains in an ear for three previous crops is 40–43 pcs / ear for peas. It also had a fairly significant effect on the weight of 1000 grains and the grain yield of winter wheat. For example, the weight of 1000 grains of the most productive Thunder variety varied from 40,1 to 41,6 gm, depending on the previous crop. According to the results of the experiments, the highest grain yield of winter wheat within the range of 5,3 t/ha has been noted for the Grom variety when cultivated for peas. The smallest grain yield in the range of 3,8–3,9 t/ha is typical for all studied varieties of winter wheat, namely, according to the cultivated predecessor – sunflower.

Lignocellulose degradation by Fusarium species

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1194-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Sutherland ◽  
Anthony L. Pometto III ◽  
Don L. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Aromatic Degradation ◽  
Different Strains

Eighteen strains of fungi in the genus Fusarium, including varieties of F. episphaeria, F. lateritium, F. moniliforme, F. nivale, F. oxysporum, F. rigidiusculum, F. roseum, F. solani, and F. tricinctum, slowly degraded lignocelluloses from blue spruce (Picea pungens) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). When grown with [lignin-14C]lignocellulose from blue spruce, 15 of the Fusarium strains converted 2.2 to 4.3% of the [14C]lignin in 60 days to 14CO2 and 3.9 to 8.4% to labeled water-soluble products. When grown with unlabeled lignocellulose from wheat straw, the strains caused total weight losses in 60 days of 7 to 25%, acid-insoluble (Klason) lignin losses of 2 to 17%, and carbohydrate losses of 3 to 33%. Crude protein contents of degraded wheat-straw lignocellulose samples were 3.2 to 5.1%. Among the aromatic degradation products from wheat-straw lignocellulose degraded by different strains, as shown by gas chromatography, were p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Preparation of Water-Soluble Carboxymethylated Lignin from Wheat Straw Alkali Lignin

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1293-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Huo Gan ◽  
Ming Song Zhou ◽  
Xue Qing Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
1H Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Monochloroacetic Acid ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Alkali Lignin ◽  
Carboxyl Group Content

Water-soluble carboxymethylated lignin (CML) was synthesized using wheat straw alkali lignin (WAL) in aqueous medium. The process of carboxymethylation was optimized with respect to the NaOH concentration, monochloroacetic acid concentration, reaction temperature and time. The optimized product has a yield of 80.47% and a carboxyl group content of 2.8231 mmol•g-1, respectively. The optimum conditions for carboxymethylation are NaOH concentration of 20.0% (wt%), monochloroacetic acid concentration of 37.5% (wt%), temperature of 70 °C and time of 90 min. The optimized CML was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy and interfacial tension apparatus. The result shows that the substitution reaction of carboxymethylation occurs simultaneously in the phenolic hydroxyl group and aliphatic hydroxyl group in WAL. CML has the surface activity in water for industrial application as dispersant.

scholarly journals Effect of sewage sludge on productivity of winter wheat under field conditions of Polissya

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-73
Author(s):  
Володимир Іванович Дубовий ◽  
Марьяна Германівна Табакаєва
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Conditions

scholarly journals Antagonism of Bacillus thuringiensis to phytopathogenic micromicetes as pathogens of apple trees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
О. Sherstoboeva ◽  
А. Krzyhanivsky ◽  
А. Bunas
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms

Antagonistic microorganisms, producing bactericidal and fungicidal substances, spread in space and occupy various ecological niches. Antagonistic action of microorganisms can be combined with a number of other properties that can be used by humans for their own purposes. Microorganisms — agents of biological products often have a multifunctional effect on the components of the agroecosystem, which under the influence of various environmental factors could have positive and negative consequences. The aim of the study was to study the effect of new highly active entomopathogenic strains of Bacillus thuringiensis on non-target objects — components of the biocenosis of the apple orchard. When developing technologies for biocontrol of the number of apple trees pests using B. thuringiensis revealed an additional positive protective effect — reducing the number of pathogens of fungal diseases on the leaf surface. Treatment of apple leaves with a liquid culture of strain B. thuringiensis 0376 after 72 hours of application reduced the number of scab of Fusicladium dendriticum by 7 times, and the pathogen of monolisis of Monilia fructigena — 9 times. Strain B. thuringiensis 0371 showed the highest level of antagonism, because in vitro completely inhibited the growth and development of micromycetes on the surface of the nutrient medium. On the leaf surface, the application of culture strain 0371 reduced the number of Fusicladium dendriticum by 92%, and Monilia fructigena — by 86% after 72 hours of treatment. In a field experiment when treating apple trees with a culture of this strain, scab development decreased by 7.1%. Strain B. thuringiensis 787 did not show antagonism against phytopathogenicmicromycetes during co-cultivation on nutrient medium, which may be explained by its inability to produce water-soluble exotoxin, in contrast to strains of B. thuringiensis, which are antagonists of scab and apple monolisis. Strain B. thuringiensis 0371 requires further research and development of its formulations, because it is promising for the creation of a complex biological product with insect-fungicidal properties for use in ecological and agriculture friendly technologies.

scholarly journals The influence of long-term sewage sludge application on the activity of phosphatases in the rhizosphere of plants

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Balík ◽  
D. Pavlíková ◽  
V. Vaněk ◽  
M. Kulhánek ◽  
B. Kotková
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatases ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Water Soluble P ◽  
Soluble P

Model experiments using rhizoboxes were carried out in order to evaluate the influence of different plants (wheat, rape) on the changes in water extractable contents of P, the pH/H2O value and the activity of acidic and alkaline phosphatase in soil of plant rhizosphere. For this experiment, a Cambisol with different long-term fertilizing systems was used: (i) control (with no fertilizer application), (ii) sewage sludge, and (iii) manure. A lower content of water-soluble P was observed in close vicinities of root surfaces (up to 2 mm) at all the studied variants. The control (non-treated) variant reflected a significantly lower content of water-soluble P in the rhizosphere compared to the fertilized ones. The activities of the acidic and alkaline phosphatases were significantly higher in the rhizosphere compared to the bulk soil (soil outside the rhizosphere). The long-term application of organic fertilizers significantly increased phosphatase activity; the activity of the acidic phosphatase was significantly higher in the rhizosphere of rape plants compared to wheat. The variant treated with manure exhibited an increased activity of both the acidic and alkaline phosphatases compared to the variant treated with sewage sludge. In the case of the variant treated long-term with sewage sludge, the portion of inorganic P to total soil P content proportionally increased compared to the manure-treated variant. Soil of the rape rhizosphere showed a trend of lower pH/H<sub>2</sub>O value of all variants, whereas the wheat rhizosphere showed an opposite pH tendency.

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