Indications for endodontic surgery include failed nonsurgical treatment or retreatment, anatomical problems or iatrogenic errors. Endodontic surgery was considered as the last option with instruments that were unsuitable, surgical sites with inadequate vision and increased incidence of post-operative complication. But today endodontic surgery has evolved into endodontic microsurgery with the advancement in illumination, magnification, instruments and materials. Higher magnification and micro-instruments have increased the clinical outcome of endodontic surgery. Traditional instruments used in endodontic surgery are too large for the small osteotomy sites of microsurgery. Few of the instruments used for microsurgery are the smaller version of the traditional instruments. Endodontic microsurgery represents a minimally invasive treatment option with predictable outcome with the use of micro-instruments. A high success rate of nearly 93.5 % is reported, thus, making microsurgery a predictable option for the management of periapical pathology where surgical root treatment is not possible. The advanced techniques developed to overcome the barriers seen in traditional endodontic surgery have allowed the clinicians to achieve higher success rates. Along with the micro-instruments, the introduction of biomimetic materials has also led to the favourable results after endodontic surgery. This article discusses the different microsurgical instruments available for microsurgical procedures. KEY WORDS Curette, Microblade, Microsurgery, Piezotomes, Retractor, Ultrasonic.
Evaluation of the Periapical Mechanoreceptors and Neural Receptors in Teeth Treated with Endodontic Microsurgery in Comparison with the Control Teeth using Standard Behavioral Biting Task
