論《龍龕手鑑》正俗體字聲符替換與唐五代西北方音

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (0) ◽  
pp. 001-022
Author(s):  
楊素姿 楊素姿
Keyword(s):  
Northwestern China ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Buddhist Text ◽  
Five Dynasties ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Liao Dynasty ◽  
Association Method ◽  
Phonetic Component ◽  
Component Substitution ◽  
Phonological System

<p>遼僧行均所著《龍龕手鑑》，成書於宋太宗至道三年（997），乃專為佛教徒通解文字研讀佛典所編纂的一部字書。當中引用他書的情況相當複雜，除了佛經音義書，還有不少前代字書、韻書，因此不管是在音韻性質或者語料時代的判別上，皆不宜做太單純的思考。本文在孔仲溫、儲泰松等學者的啟發下，一方面考察當中眾多參用資料的成書年代，以確定其語料的時代性，繼而觀察筆者從中整理所得的四百多筆正俗體字聲符替換字組，並分析存在其間的音韻現象。發現當中某些音韻表現與唐五代西北方音的音韻特徵具有一致性，與過去學者們運用反切系聯法，以系聯當中複雜音切所得結果有所不同。在跳脫《切韻》或是通語雅音的音系框架之外，得以看見《龍龕手鑑》不同面向的音韻內涵。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Longkan Shoujian, a dictionary completed by a Liao dynasty monk named Xingjun in 997, is used to aid Buddhists in the study of Buddhist text and scriptures. Because Longkan Shoujian cites from numerous sources including yinyishu (dictionaries of pronunciations and meanings), dictionaries published in previous dynasties, and rhyme dictionaries, one must investigate thoroughly when attempting to decipher the phonological characteristics of Longkan Shoujian and the dynasties in which its corpuses were written. Inspired by scholars such as Chung-wen Kung and Tai-song Chu, this study examined the years in which many of the cited materials were completed to verify the dynasties in which the corpuses of Longkan Shoujian were written. Subsequently, this study explored the phonetic component substitution groups for the 400+ canonical and noncanonical Chinese characters that it had organized and summarized; and analyzed the phonological phenomena within. The study results showed that some of the phonological characteristics were similar to those of Northwestern China in the Five Dynasties period, challenging the results obtained by previous scholars using the fanqie association method (which involves separating a character&rsquo;s pronunciation into two other characters). By not accepting information preached in Qieyun and the phonological system of common languages in China as the gospel truth, this study discovered the different phonological characteristics observed in Longkan Shoujian.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Effect of Handwriting on Visual Word Recognition in Chinese Bilingual Children and Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connie Qun Guan ◽  
Elaine R. Smolen ◽  
Wanjin Meng ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

In a digital era that neglects handwriting, the current study is significant because it examines the mechanisms underlying this process. We recruited 9- to 10-year-old Chinese children (n = 24), who were at an important period of handwriting development, and adult college students (n = 24), for both behavioral and electroencephalogram (EEG) experiments. We designed four learning conditions: handwriting Chinese (HC), viewing Chinese (VC), drawing shapes followed by Chinese recognition (DC), and drawing shapes followed by English recognition (DE). Both behavioral and EEG results showed that HC facilitated visual word recognition compared to VC, and behavioral results showed that HC facilitated visual word recognition compared to drawing shapes. HC and VC resulted in a lateralization of the N170 in adults, but not in children. Taken together, the results of the study suggest benefits of handwriting on the neural processing and behavioral performance in response to Chinese characters. The study results argue for maintaining handwriting practices to promote the perception of visual word forms in the digital age.

Improving Stroke-Based Input of Chinese Characters

2008 ◽  
pp. 426-445
Author(s):  
Min Lin ◽  
Andrew Sears ◽  
Steven Herbst ◽  
Yanfang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Usability Testing ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Problem Identification ◽  
Input Method ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Concept Evaluation ◽  
Entry Speed ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

This chapter presents a case study of the redesign of the mobile phone keypad graphics that support the Motorola iTap™ stroke-based Chinese input solution. Six studies were conducted to address problem identification, proof of concept evaluation, usability testing in both US and China, and design simplification to support business objectives. Study results confirmed that a new abstract-with-examples design helped users to develop more accurate knowledge regarding stroke-to-key mappings and lead to significant improvements in both text-entry speed and accuracy. The data also showed that, when using the new keypad graphics, the stroke-based input method could outperform the popular Pinyin technique after about 1 hour of casual usage, making the stroke method a competitive alternative for Chinese entry on mobile phones.

Use of partial information to learn to read Chinese characters in non-native Chinese learners

2020 ◽  
pp. 136216882093318
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Adult Learners ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
New Words ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Advanced Students ◽  
Chinese Learners ◽  
Novice Students ◽  
Phonetic Component ◽  
Better Than

The ability to decode new words of varying degrees of orthographic-phonological mapping is an important word recognition skill across languages. Chinese characters represent three types of phonetic regularity: regular, semi-regular, and irregular depending on the degree of reliability of the pronunciation information provided by the phonetic component. This study investigated whether adult non-native Chinese learners can use partial phonological information encoded in semi-regular characters to learn the pronunciations of new characters. A total of 55 college students, enrolled in an intensive Chinese program with varying proficiency levels, were taught the pronunciations of 18 novel compound characters of three phonetic regularity types over three trials. Non-native Chinese learners of advanced and intermediate levels learned the pronunciations of regular characters (initial-same and final-same), which contain full information about pronunciation, and semi-regular characters (initial-different, final-same), which contain partial information about pronunciation, significantly better than irregular characters (initial-different and final-different), which contain misleading pronunciation information. The performance difference between semi-regular and irregular characters decreased over trials. Novice students demonstrated limited ability in using partial information to learn to pronounce characters compared to intermediate and advanced students. These results provide implications for effective character instruction for adult learners of Chinese with varying Chinese proficiency levels.

A Second Chinese Buddhist Text in Tibetan Characters

1927 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Thomas ◽  
G. L. M. Clauson
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Version ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Buddhist Text ◽  
Max Müller

The text contained in the MS. described below begins with three syllables śa-li-ẖbur, which scholars will naturally (unless illuded for a moment by the thought of sāli “year”) find suggestive of Śāriputra. The recurrence of the syllables will confirm this impression, more especially when far on in the document appears 'an.nog.da.la.sam. yag.sam.bu.de, previously recognized as=Sanskrit anuttara samyak-sambodhi. But, since the conjunction of this expression with the name of Śāriputra is frequently exemplified in the mass of Sanskrit Buddhist writings, we are grateful for the occurrence early in the text of the combination 'a.myi.ẖda, i.e. obviously Amitābha or Amitāyus, pointing to the Amitābha literature. When we come to try the smaller Sukhāvatīvyūka (published by Max Müller and Bunyiu Nanjio in Anecdota Oxoniensia, Aryan Series, vol. i, part ii, pp. 92–100), the distribution and character of the paragraphs soon enables us to fix upon sections ix(viii)–xx, of which several afford great assistance by furnishing names of numerals or of Buddhas in succession. As in the former case, some apparent divergencies from the Sanskrit original direct attention to the Chinese version translated into French by Messrs. Ymaizumi and Yamata in Annales du Musée Guimet, vol. ii, pp. 39–44. And this has enabled Captain Clauson to verify the whole text as a transcription, syllable for syllable, of Kumārajīva's rendering (Nanjio, No. 200). We give the Chinese characters from the India Office copy, and append a direct and inverse index of the syllables as represented in the Tibetan writing. From the interesting colophon it appears that the copy was a work of piety.

Statistical Analysis for Standard Chinese Syllables and Phoneme System

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 322-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Sheng Jin ◽  
Lin Qing Xie
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Syllable Frequency ◽  
Total Frequency ◽  
Standard Chinese ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Phonological System

This paper uses the theories of phonemics,phonology and mathematical statistics to concrete research the 2500 commonly-used standard Chinese characters phonological system in different levels, including the statistics and analysis of three aspects: words frequency, syllable frequency and phoneme frequency. Some resulted have gained that: 1) There is a obvious difference in the words frequency distribution of the 2500 commonly-used Chinese characters,2) The number of homophones has an inverse proportion with its total frequency,3)The combination ability of the unaspirated initials,monophthong vowels and falling tone, whose combining ability is stronger than others. This paper provides data and certain reference value for the further study on phonological system of standard Chinese.

A Liao Dynasty tomb in the Panyanggou Cemetery, Bairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-173
Keyword(s):  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Tang Dynasty ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Main Chamber ◽  
Bronze Wares ◽  
Five Dynasties ◽  
Liao Dynasty ◽  
Han Culture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grave Goods

AbstractIn July through September 2012, the tomb of Mme Yi, the De Consort of the Later Tang Dynasty was excavated. It was a brick multi-chamber tomb consisting of the passage, the entrance, the corridor, the main chamber and the side chambers, the full length of which was 24.1m. 208 pieces (sets) of grave goods were unearthed from this tomb, including porcelains, silver and bronze wares, iron objects, bone implements, lacquer wares, architectural parts and the epitaph. This tomb show more styles of the Han Culture, which was special among the tombs of the Liao Dynasty of the same time. The content of the epitaph made up the insufficient records of the historical textual materials and provided important materials for the researches on the relationship between the Khitan and the Later Tang and Later Jin Dynasties in the Five-Dynasties Period.

The Nature of Deviant Articulation

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Phonological System

This paper examines the credibility of deviant articulation as a less mature phonological system and as an individual phonological system with its own rules. Evidence is presented suggesting that both types of deviant phonological systems may occur in the articulatory defective population. The clinical implications of each type of deviant system are presented.

Apportionment of Impairment from Meniscal Tears and Knee Arthritis

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
James B. Talmage
Keyword(s):  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Meniscal Tears ◽  
Knee Arthritis ◽  
Degenerative Arthritis ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Physical Findings ◽  
Causation Analysis

Abstract Meniscal tears and osteoarthritis (osteoarthrosis, degenerative arthritis, or degenerative joint disease) are two of the most common conditions involving the knee. This article includes definitions of apportionment and causes; presents a case report of initial and recurrent tears of the medial meniscus plus osteoarthritis (OA) in the medial compartment of the knee; and addresses questions regarding apportionment. The authors, experienced impairment raters who are knowledgeable regarding the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), show that, when instructions on impairment rating are incomplete, unclear, or inconsistent, interrater reliability diminishes (different physicians may derive different impairment estimates). Accurate apportionment of impairment is a demanding task that requires detailed knowledge of causation for the conditions in question; the mechanisms of injury or extent of exposures; prior and current symptoms, functional status, physical findings, and clinical study results; and use of the appropriate edition of the AMA Guides. Sometimes the available data are incomplete, requiring the rating physician to make assumptions. However, if those assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the medical literature and facts of the case, if the causation analysis is plausible, and if the examiner follows impairment rating instructions in the AMA Guides (or at least uses a rational and hence defensible method when instructions are suboptimal), the resulting apportionment should be credible.

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