scholarly journals Production of New Regenerated Plants by Anther Culture of the Hybrids of Italian ryegrass X Tall fescue

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.Y. Kim ◽  
K.M. Kang ◽  
K.J. Choi ◽  
Y.S. Jang ◽  
Y.C. Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anther Culture ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Regenerated Plants

Use of water by six grass species. 1. Dry-matter yields and response to irrigation

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Garwood ◽  
K. C. Tyson ◽  
J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Second Year

SUMMARYThe yield and quality of herbage produced by six grasses (perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, timothy, rough-stalked meadow grass, tall fescue and Italian ryegrass) were examined both without irrigation and under two irrigation regimes. Water was applied according to the potential soil water deficit (potential SWD): the soil was either partially returned to field capacity (FC) after each cut or fully returned to FC whenever the potential SWD reached 25 mm. The swards were cut either at 3 (C3) or 6 (C6) week intervals over a 2 year period.Partial irrigation increased yields by 12–14% in the first year and by 36–58% in the second. Full irrigation produced little more growth than partial irrigation in the first year (maximum SWD, 188 mm) but increased yield by 78–93% in the second, very dry, year (maximum SWD, 311 mm). Under treatment C3 response per unit of water applied was similar with both partial and full irrigation, but under C6 the response was greater with partial (2·86 kg D.M./m3) than with full irrigation (1·79 kg D.M./m3).There were marked differences between the species in their ability to grow under drought conditions in the second year of the experiment. Without irrigation, roughstalked meadow grass and Italian ryegrass did not survive the drought. The performance of tall fescue was markedly superior to both perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot in these conditions. Of the surviving grasses timothy made least growth.

Leaf development in eight related grasses

1994 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Gao ◽  
D. Wilman
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Rate Of Increase

SummaryLeaf development was studied in eight related grasses, grown in field swards cut at 5-week intervals, during the year of sowing and the subsequent year (1989 and 1990). The rate of leaf expansion was in the order Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue > hybrid ryegrass > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The order of grasses was similar, but not identical, for rate of leaf appearance, rate of leaf extension, weight of leaf blade emerging per shoot per week and rate of increase in length of exposed leaf sheath, and the order was approximately the reverse for weight per unit area of emerging leaf blade. The area per leaf blade increased greatly between May and October of the year of sowing, particularly in Westerwolds, Italian and hybrid ryegrasses and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue. Area per leaf blade in tall fescue increased greatly between May and July of the year of sowing and May–July of the subsequent year. Rate of leaf expansion in meadow fescue was much higher in May of the year after sowing than in the previous May.

Short-term response of the nitrogen nutrition status of tall fescue and Italian ryegrass swards under water deficit

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Gonzalez-Dugo ◽  
Jean-Louis Durand ◽  
François Gastal ◽  
Catherine Picon-Cochard
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
N Concentration

Grasslands are rarely irrigated, thus water deficits often induce a reduction of the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) during summer. This is measured using the ratio between the actual N concentration and the minimum N concentration required to achieve the maximum growth rate. NNI is derived from the standing biomass by a simple relationship. This paper details the results of a field experiment, combining 2 levels of irrigation with 2 levels of nitrogen fertilisation during the summer, on 2 commonly cultivated grass species in pure swards (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea L., and Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum). Plant water status, NNI, root length density (RLD), soil volumetric water content (θv), and mineral nitrogen concentration [N] were followed under water deficit and recovery. In both species, RLD was high (>6 cm/cm3) in the 0–0.25 m soil layer. Whereas the NNI of tall fescue responded strongly to its water status, Italian ryegrass was most often above optimal nitrogen nutrition because of its slow growth in that particular season and its higher superficial RLD. However, its NNI generally followed the θv closely, whereas tall fescue exhibited a delay in response of NNI upon rewatering, suggesting lasting effects of water deficits on the absorption capacity of roots in that species.

Herbage production and tiller density in five related grasses, their hybrids and mixtures

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
Y. Gao
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYFour grass species, three hybrids and three mixtures were grown in field swards near Aberystwyth. All swards were amply supplied with nutrients and were cut at 5-week intervals during the year of sowing (1989) and during the following 4 years. The order of the grasses in rate of establishment was: Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) > Italian ryegrass × perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) > tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). During the sowing year as a whole, Italian ryegrass was the highest yielding grass, followed by Westerwolds ryegrass. During the remaining period (1990–93), as a whole, the highest yields were obtained from perennial ryegrass sown alone or in a mixture with tall fescue. Tall fescue sown alone was one of the lowest yielding grasses in the year of sowing, but developed to be the highest yielding in 1992 and 1993. Westerwolds ryegrass persisted least well, although some plants did survive until 1992. Italian ryegrass persisted better than Westerwolds and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted better than Italian ryegrass. Hybrid ryegrass and perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted satisfactorily but with fewer tillers/m2 than perennial ryegrass or tall fescue. The yield of tall fescue in March was as high as that of Italian ryegrass in 1990 and 1991 and higher than that of any of the other grasses in 1992 and 1993; the tiller density of tall fescue was particularly high in March. The yield of mixtures (Italian ryegrass with perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass with tall fescue and perennial ryegrass with tall fescue) was, on average, 2·5% more than the mean of the component species when sown alone. When grown with ryegrass, tall fescue was not prominent initially but its proportion in the sward gradually increased.

Effect of Ploidy on Quality of Tall Fescue, Italian Ryegrass × Tall Fescue and Tall Fescue × Giant Fescue Hybrids

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. KING ◽  
L. P. BUSH ◽  
R. C. BUCKNER ◽  
P. B. BURRUS
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Italian Ryegrass

Anther culture of a 2n pollen producing clone of Solanum phureja Juz. &Buk.

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Veilleux ◽  
J. Booze-Daniels ◽  
E. Pehu
Keyword(s):  
Anther Culture ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Unreduced Gametes ◽  
Solanum Phureja ◽  
2N Pollen ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pollen Formation ◽  
First And Second Generation

In a series of experiments, a total of 95 plants were regenerated from culture of 1416 anthers of a single genotype (PP5) of Solanum phureja that expressed a variable frequency of 2n pollen by the genetic equivalent of first division restitution. The regenerated plants included 29 monoploids (2n = x = 12), 58 diploids (2n = 2x = 24) and 8 tetraploids (2n = 4x = 48). Monoploids carrying the potential for 2n pollen formation are central to the development of a breeding scheme to construct highly heterozygous diplandroids. Segregation of tuber flesh color and tuber protein bands revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in first and second generation anther-derived diploid plants provided evidence for both embryogenesis of 2n pollen as well as doubling of monoploid genomes as sources of anther-derived diploids. Because of variation for the same genetic markers in anther-derived tetraploids, sources other than embryogenesis of doubly restituted (4n) pollen grains were implied. An enhanced response to anther culture was noted in some anther-derived dihaploids.Key words: unreduced gametes, potato, anther culture, diplandroid, monoploid.

Summer-active perennials in pasture systems improve seasonal pasture distribution without compromising winter-spring production

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Ward ◽  
S. G. Clark ◽  
G. A. Kearney ◽  
M. R. McCaskill ◽  
M. C. Raeside ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Triple Systems

Improved dryland pastures for sheep and beef cattle production in south-western Victoria are typically based on summer-dormant cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.). These are highly productive in spring but exhibit low accumulation rates over summer–autumn. Summer-active perennial pasture species could potentially alleviate this summer–autumn feed gap. Three pasture systems that used different pastures on each of the three landscape classes (crest, slope, and valley floor) were compared over 4 years. The perennial ryegrass system (henceforth Ryegrass) had a different ryegrass cultivar on each landscape class. The Triple system used lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) (crest), perennial ryegrass (slope), and summer-active tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb) Darbysh.) (valley floor). The Novel system used chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) (crest), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or hybrid ryegrass (L. × boucheanum Kunth.) (slope), and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.) (valley floor). The pastures were grazed by either one (in the case of the Novel system) or three (in the case of the Ryegrass and Triple systems) animal systems that varied over the life of the experiment. Total annual herbage accumulation of the Ryegrass and Triple systems did not differ. The Novel system consistently had lower total annual dry matter accumulation than the other two systems. Lucerne pastures generally had the highest accumulation rates over summer, followed by the chicory pastures. The kikuyu pastures responded well to summer rainfall but otherwise had similar accumulation rates to the perennial ryegrass and tall fescue pastures over summer. Tall fescue pastures grew well in autumn following wet summers. In spring the perennial ryegrass pastures based on Fitzroy or Avalon were highly productive but seldom grew faster than other pastures. The results support the hypothesis that incorporating deep-rooted, summer-active perennial species will increase pasture production over summer–autumn compared with conventional pasture systems but not at the expense of winter–spring production.

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