scholarly journals Multi-Round Trust Game Quantifies Inter-Individual Differences in Social Exchange from Adolescence to Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-118
Author(s):  
Andreas Hula ◽  
Michael Moutoussis ◽  
Geert-Jan Will ◽  
Danae Kokorikou ◽  
Andrea M. Reiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Trust Game

Neighborhood Stereotypes and Interpersonal Trust in Social Exchange: An Experimental Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia A. Gorbunova ◽  
Jens Ambrasat ◽  
Christian von Scheve
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Residential Neighborhood ◽  
German Capital ◽  
Stereotype Content

Recent research indicates that segregation is, in addition to many other undesirable consequences, negatively associated with social capital, in particular, generalized trust within a community. This study investigates whether an individual's residential neighborhood and the stereotypes associated with this neighborhood affect others’ trusting behavior as a specific form of social exchange. Using an anonymous trust game experiment in the context of five districts of the German capital, Berlin, we show that trusting is contingent on others’ residential neighborhood rather than on deliberate assessments of trustworthiness. Participants show significantly greater trust toward individuals from positively stereotyped neighborhoods with favorable sociodemographic characteristics than to persons from negatively stereotyped neighborhoods with unfavorable sociodemographics. Importantly, when stereotypes and sociodemographic factors point in opposite directions, participants’ trust decisions reflect stereotype content.

scholarly journals Stable distribution of reciprocity motives in a population

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen M. van Baar ◽  
Felix H. Klaassen ◽  
Filippo Ricci ◽  
Luke J. Chang ◽  
Alan G. Sanfey
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Stable Distribution ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Game Studies ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Relative Prevalence

Abstract Evolutionary models show that human cooperation can arise through direct reciprocity relationships. However, it remains unclear which psychological mechanisms proximally motivate individuals to reciprocate. Recent evidence suggests that the psychological motives for choosing to reciprocate trust differ between individuals, which raises the question whether these differences have a stable distribution in a population or are rather an artifact of the experimental task. Here, we combine data from three independent trust game studies to find that the relative prevalence of different reciprocity motives is highly stable across participant samples. Furthermore, the distribution of motives is relatively unaffected by changes to the salient features of the experimental paradigm. Finally, the motive classification assigned by our computational modeling analysis corresponds to the participants’ own subjective experience of their psychological decision process, and no existing models of social preference can account for the observed individual differences in reciprocity motives. These findings support the view that reciprocal decision-making is not just regulated by individual differences in 'pro-social’ versus ‘pro-self’ tendencies, but also by trait-like differences across several alternative pro-social motives, whose distribution in a population is stable.

Rules of social exchange: Game theory, individual differences and psychopathology

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wischniewski ◽  
Sabine Windmann ◽  
Georg Juckel ◽  
Martin Brüne
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Exchange

A five-dimensional model of individual differences in social exchange styles

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 940-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle J. Leybman ◽  
David C. Zuroff ◽  
Marc A. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Five Dimensional Model

scholarly journals Facial attractiveness: evolutionary based research

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1571) ◽  
pp. 1638-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Little ◽  
Benedict C. Jones ◽  
Lisa M. DeBruine
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Social Partners

Face preferences affect a diverse range of critical social outcomes, from mate choices and decisions about platonic relationships to hiring decisions and decisions about social exchange. Firstly, we review the facial characteristics that influence attractiveness judgements of faces (e.g. symmetry, sexually dimorphic shape cues, averageness, skin colour/texture and cues to personality) and then review several important sources of individual differences in face preferences (e.g. hormone levels and fertility, own attractiveness and personality, visual experience, familiarity and imprinting, social learning). The research relating to these issues highlights flexible, sophisticated systems that support and promote adaptive responses to faces that appear to function to maximize the benefits of both our mate choices and more general decisions about other types of social partners.

scholarly journals Trust is heritable, whereas distrust is not

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (27) ◽  
pp. 7007-7012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Reimann ◽  
Oliver Schilke ◽  
Karen S. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Genetic Influences

Why do people distrust others in social exchange? To what degree, if at all, is distrust subject to genetic influences, and thus possibly heritable, and to what degree is it nurtured by families and immediate peers who encourage young people to be vigilant and suspicious of others? Answering these questions could provide fundamental clues about the sources of individual differences in the disposition to distrust, including how they may differ from the sources of individual differences in the disposition to trust. In this article, we report the results of a study of monozygotic and dizygotic female twins who were asked to decide either how much of a counterpart player’s monetary endowment they wanted to take from their counterpart (i.e., distrust) or how much of their own monetary endowment they wanted to send to their counterpart (i.e., trust). Our results demonstrate that although the disposition to trust is explained to some extent by heritability but not by shared socialization, the disposition to distrust is explained by shared socialization but not by heritability. The sources of distrust are therefore distinct from the sources of trust in many ways.

Emotional Intelligence predicts individual differences in social exchange reasoning

NeuroImage ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 1385-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deidre L. Reis ◽  
Marc A. Brackett ◽  
Noah A. Shamosh ◽  
Kent A. Kiehl ◽  
Peter Salovey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Exchange

Understanding organizational change management: the role of micro and macro influences

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Harden ◽  
Lucy R. Ford ◽  
Marshall Pattie ◽  
Patricia Lanier
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Work Group ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type

PurposeIn response to external conditions, organizations yearn to gain a competitive edge during unremitting change. Recognizing the importance of managing change, researchers have aggressively investigated organizational change at the macro level. This research, however, argues that an employee's ability to cope with change is a function of both micro (individual) and macro (contextual) factors.Design/methodology/approachThe survey data were collected at an organization that was undergoing a significant internal change. Correlational and structural equation modeling techniques were used for data analysis.FindingsThe results suggest that individual differences (intolerance for ambiguity) and contextual factors (LMX, TMX receipts and TMX contributions) are important factors for understanding the ability to manage organizational change effectively. Additionally, it is argued that contextual factors not only have direct effects on coping with change but indirect effects through perceptions of work group effectiveness. Our results indicate that both micro and macro factors are important for understanding the ability to cope with and manage change.Research limitations/implicationsThe research leaves open some interesting questions around the role of contextual factors in coping with change, in addition to the interaction with individual differences.Practical implicationsMost sources discuss change as focused at the organizational level. Managers will be well served to understand that the degree to which employees cope effectively with change will be partly determined by the interaction of individual differences and the organizational and team level context.Originality/valueThis research extends our understanding of the relationship between social exchange relationships and how individuals cope with change in organizations and the mechanism by which that occurs.

scholarly journals Trust Toward Robots and Artificial Intelligence: An Experimental Approach to Human–Technology Interactions Online

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atte Oksanen ◽  
Nina Savela ◽  
Rita Latikka ◽  
Aki Koivula
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Big Five Personality

Robotization and artificial intelligence (AI) are expected to change societies profoundly. Trust is an important factor of human–technology interactions, as robots and AI increasingly contribute to tasks previously handled by humans. Currently, there is a need for studies investigating trust toward AI and robots, especially in first-encounter meetings. This article reports findings from a study investigating trust toward robots and AI in an online trust game experiment. The trust game manipulated the hypothetical opponents that were described as either AI or robots. These were compared with control group opponents using only a human name or a nickname. Participants (N = 1077) lived in the United States. Describing opponents with robots or AI did not impact participants’ trust toward them. The robot called jdrx894 was the most trusted opponent. Opponents named “jdrx894” were trusted more than opponents called “Michael.” Further analysis showed that having a degree in technology or engineering, exposure to robots online and robot use self-efficacy predicted higher trust toward robots and AI. Out of Big Five personality characteristics, openness to experience predicted higher trust, and conscientiousness predicted lower trust. Results suggest trust on robots and AI is contextual and it is also dependent on individual differences and knowledge on technology.

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