scholarly journals Psychology Data on the Effects of Study Schedules on Category-Member Classification

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Andrew DeSoto ◽  
Cecilia M. Votta
Keyword(s):  
Category Member

scholarly journals The blowfish effect: children and adults use atypical exemplars to infer more narrow categories during word learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (05) ◽  
pp. 938-954
Author(s):  
Lauren L. EMBERSON ◽  
Nicole LONCAR ◽  
Carolyn MAZZEI ◽  
Isaac TREVES ◽  
Adele E. GOLDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Category Learning ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Coincidence Effect ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Basic Level

AbstractLearners preferentially interpret novel nouns at the basic level (‘dog’) rather than at a more narrow level (‘Labrador’). This ‘basic-level bias’ is mitigated by statistics: children and adults are more likely to interpret a novel noun at a more narrow label if they witness ‘a suspicious coincidence’ – the word applied to three exemplars of the same narrow category. Independent work has found that exemplar typicality influences learners’ inferences and category learning. We bring these lines of work together to investigate whether the content (typicality) of a single exemplar affects the level of interpretation of words and whether an atypicality effect interacts with input statistics. Results demonstrate that both four- to five-year-olds and adults tend to assign a narrower interpretation to a word if it is exemplified by an atypical category member. This atypicality effect is roughly as strong as, and independent of, the suspicious coincidence effect, which is replicated.

scholarly journals Linguistic strategies for ad hoc categorization: theoretical assessment and cross-linguistic variation

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (s39-1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Mauri ◽  
Andrea Sansò
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Linguistic Strategies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
On Line ◽  
Pragmatic Account ◽  
Abstract Structure ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
Theoretical Assessment

AbstractAd hoc categorization is the bottom-up abstraction of a category starting from concrete exemplars of the category itself. When we observe linguistic data, we find various phenomena that provide evidence for the ubiquity of such an on-line, goal-driven and context-dependent categorization in everyday communication. Beyond offering concept labels in the form of words, language indeed provides speakers with a great number of strategies to convey reference to a class by naming representative individuals. After providing a semantic and pragmatic account of ad hoc categorization in terms of indexicality, we will survey ad hoc categorization strategies in discourse and across languages: they can be syntactic (lists, general extenders, exemplifying constructions), morphological (heterogeneous plurals, collectives, aggregates, compounds), or in-between (reduplication). We will argue that all these strategies show a similar abstract structure consisting in a categorization trigger, that is, some prosodic, morphological or syntactic element triggering the abstractive inferential process towards the category identification, plus a linguistic expression referring to some overt category member, which is processed as the starting point for abstraction. The diachronic connections between these strategies and the pathways leading to their emergence and conventionalization also speak in favor of their unified treatment.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Investigating Category Dynamics: An Archival Study Of The German Food Market

2020 ◽  
pp. 017084062098024
Author(s):  
Johanna Franziska Gollnhofer ◽  
Kushagra Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Category Member ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Food Magazine ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Interpretive Analysis ◽  
Food Market ◽  
German Food ◽  
Archival Study ◽  
Related Category

The contemporary German food market is marked by a large number of food items on retail shelves—the choice and abundance of products stand in sharp contrast to the market of the 1950s. We conduct a qualitative, interpretive analysis of the archives of a food magazine from West Germany between 1949 and 2014 to understand the changes the German food market has undergone. Drawing on category research, we discover three inter-related category dynamics that contribute to the change in the market: category member proliferation, category member valorization, and category member entanglement. We then discuss the implications of category dynamics and theorize how they drive category change.

The Effects of Prior Processing Episodes on Basic level Superiority

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie L. Lin ◽  
Gregory L. Murphy ◽  
Edward J. Shoben
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Conceptual Representation ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Stable Invariant ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Prior Processing

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of prior processing episodes on people's preference for categorizing objects at the basic level (e.g. dog) relative to their preference for categorizing at the superordinate (e.g. animal) and the subordinate (e.g. Dalmation) levels. The prior processing episode in Experiment 1 was designed to induce subjects to activate representations at the superordinate level, and those in the remaining experiments were designed to induce subjects to differentiate objects at the subordinate level. After the prior processing episodes, subjects performed either a free naming or a picture categorization task that required them to decide whether an illustrated object belonged to a specified category. Results showed that prior processing episodes modestly reduced the superiority of basic level to superordinate level and subordinate level in categorization but not in free naming. The results suggest that the basic-level advantage is subject to the effects of context, but the effects are not as strong as the context effects on other aspects of categorization behaviour (e.g. rating typicality of a category member). Hence, the preference for the basic level is a somewhat more stable, invariant aspect of conceptual representation. Possible determinations of this stability are discussed.

Beyond Aristotle and gradience

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Croft
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
The One ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Radical Construction

Aarts (2004) argues that the best way to model grammatical categories is a compromise preserving Aristotelian form classes with sharp boundaries on the one hand, and allowing gradience in terms of the number of syntactic properties that a category member possesses on the other. But the assumption of form classes causes serious theoretical and empirical problems. Constructions differ in their distributional patterns, but no a priori principles exist to decide which constructions should be used to define form classes. Grammatical categories must be defined relative to specific constructions; this is the position advocated in Radical Construction Grammar (Croft 2001). Constructionally defined categories may have sharp boundaries, but they do not divide words into form classes. Nevertheless, the most important traditional intuitions for parts of speech (Aarts’ chief examples) are reinterpretable in terms of crosslinguistic universals that constrain distributional variation but do not impose Aristotelian form classes, gradable or not, on the grammars of particular languages.

CUE Effectiveness of Word vs Color as a Function of Categorical Relatedness of Word CUES

1975 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 692-694
Author(s):  
Donna J. Fantetti ◽  
Allan L. Fingeret
Keyword(s):  
Compound Stimulus ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Cue Selection

The relative effectiveness for recall of color and/or category member cues from a compound stimulus was studied in 108 Ss as a function of the number of categories (1 to 8) in the presentation list. As the number of categories decreased, effectiveness of color increased and category member remained relatively unchanged. Results may reflect cue-selection.

What categorical induction variability reveals about typical and atypical development

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Lisa TECOULESCO ◽  
Deborah FEIN ◽  
Letitia R. NAIGLES
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Shape Bias ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Atypical Development

Abstract Categorical induction abilities are robust in typically developing (TD) preschoolers, while children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) frequently perform inconsistently on tasks asking for the transference of traits from a known category member to a new example based on shared category membership. Here, TD five-year-olds and six-year-olds with ASD participated in a categorical induction task; the TD children performed significantly better and more consistently than the children with ASD. Concurrent verbal and nonverbal tests were not significant correlates; however, the TD children's shape bias performance at two years of age was significantly positively predictive of categorical induction performance at age five. The shape bias, the tendency to extend a novel label to other objects of the same shape during word learning, appears linked with categorical induction ability in TD children, suggesting a common underlying skill and consistent developmental trajectory. Word learning and categorical induction appear uncoupled in children with ASD.

scholarly journals Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 358 (1435) ◽  
pp. 1177-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Barsalou
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Symbol Systems ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Perceptual Symbol Systems ◽  
Structured Representation

After reviewing six senses of abstraction, this article focuses on abstractions that take the form of summary representations. Three central properties of these abstractions are established: (i) type–token interpretation; (ii) structured representation; and (iii) dynamic realization. Traditional theories of representation handle interpretation and structure well but are not sufficiently dynamical. Conversely, connectionist theories are exquisitely dynamic but have problems with structure. Perceptual symbol systems offer an approach that implements all three properties naturally. Within this framework, a loose collection of property and relation simulators develops to represent abstractions. Type–token interpretation results from binding a property simulator to a region of a perceived or simulated category member. Structured representation results from binding a configuration of property and relation simulators to multiple regions in an integrated manner. Dynamic realization results from applying different subsets of property and relation simulators to category members on different occasions. From this standpoint, there are no permanent or complete abstractions of a category in memory. Instead, abstraction is the skill to construct temporary online interpretations of a category's members. Although an infinite number of abstractions are possible, attractors develop for habitual approaches to interpretation. This approach provides new ways of thinking about abstraction phenomena in categorization, inference, background knowledge and learning.

scholarly journals Categories convey prescriptive information across domains and development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Foster-Hanson ◽  
Steven Roberts ◽  
Susan A. Gelman ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
General Feature ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Category Structure ◽  
Social Reasoning ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Kinds

Young children display a pervasive bias to assume that what they observe in the world reflects how things are supposed to be. The present studies examined the nature of this bias, by testing whether it reflects a particular form of social reasoning or a more general feature of category representations. Children ages 4-9 and adults (N = 747) evaluated instances of nonconformity among members of novel biological and social kinds. Children held prescriptive expectations for both animal and social categories—in both cases, they said it was wrong for a category member to engage in category-atypical behavior. These prescriptive judgments about categories depended on the extent to which people saw the pictured individual examples as representative of coherent categories. Thus, early prescriptive judgments appear to rely on the interplay between general conceptual biases and domain-specific beliefs about category structure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document