Racial bias in perceptions of disease and policy

Narratives about Africa as dark, depraved, and diseased justified the exploitation of African land and people. Today, these narratives may still have a hold on people’s fears about disease. We test this in three (pre-COVID-19) experiments ( N = 1,803). Across studies, we find that participants report greater worry about a pandemic originating in Africa (vs. elsewhere). In turn, they report greater support for travel bans and for loosening abortion restrictions. We then document these narratives in an archival study of newspaper articles of the 2015–2016 Zika pandemic ( N = 1,475). We find that articles were more negative—for example, they included more death-related words—if they mentioned Africa. Finally, we replicate the experimental results within the COVID-19 context, using a representative sample ( N = 1,200). Taken together, the studies make clear that reactions to pandemics are biased, and in a way consistent with historical narratives about race and Africa.

Modeling the Process by Which People Try to Explain Complex Things to Others

The process of explaining something to another person is more than offering a statement. Explaining means taking the perspective and knowledge of the Learner into account and determining whether the Learner is satisfied. While the nature of explanation—conceived of as a set of statements—has been explored philosophically and empirically, the process of explaining, as an activity, has received less attention. We conducted an archival study, looking at 73 cases of explaining. We were particularly interested in cases in which the explanations focused on the workings of complex systems or technologies. The results generated two models: local explaining to address why a device (such an intelligent system) acted in a surprising way, and global explaining about how a device works. The examination of the processes of explaining as it occurs in natural settings revealed a number of mistaken beliefs about how explaining happens, and what constitutes an explanation that encourages learning.

Work-Related Injuries Reported to Workers Compensation Fund in Tanzania from 2016 to 2019

Quality data on the magnitude and determinants of work-related injuries is an important element in the development of appropriate preventative strategies. However, there have been many challenges in obtaining quality information on work-related injuries in the developing countries. This archival study based on the data from workers’ compensation registry from the year 2016 to 2019 aimed at determining trends and factors associated with work-related injuries (WRI). Data from 4578 WRI claims reported to Workers Compensation Fund (WCF) in Tanzania were analyzed. As expected, this new workers’ compensation system had increasing participation from inception in 2016 through 2019, resulting in increasing numbers of fatal and non-fatal work-related claims. Motor traffic accidents, machine faults and falls were the most reported causes of WRI. Males had more than 2-fold increased odds of sustaining fatal injuries compared to females. More than 6-fold increased odds of fatal injuries were observed for injuries occurring during conveyance. Explosions, motor traffic accidents, and falls were more likely to result into fatal injuries. Increased odds of fatal injuries were observed in workers from transportation and storage sector; information and technology; construction and building; and electricity, gas, and steam sectors, as well as among teachers, drivers, office workers, and security guards. The current study offers some insights regarding trends and associated factors that are vital in planning and implementation of appropriate preventative strategies for work-related injuries in Tanzania.

Women’s Safety Concerns and Academia: How Safety Concerns Can Create Opportunity Gaps

The present work documents the safety concerns of men and women in academia and how these concerns can create opportunity gaps. Across five samples including undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty ( N = 1,812), women reported greater concerns about their safety than did men, and these concerns were associated with reduced work hours in libraries, offices, and/or labs afterhours. Additionally, although we were unable to manipulate safety concerns among women, in an experiment with men ( N = 117), increasing safety concerns decreased willingness to use the library afterhours. Finally, in an archival study of swipe access data ( N = 350,364 swipes), a crime event that made safety concerns salient for women was associated with a decreased likelihood that women worked in their office afterhours and a decreased likelihood that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics women worked in their labs later at night. Collectively, these data suggest that women’s safety concerns can restrict their work.

Association between Landscape Heritage Elements and Place Attachment among Visitors in Taiping Lake Garden

Various researches have been conducted by researchers on landscape heritage and place attachment. The researches were done in isolation according to the differing field of study. It is noticed that there still a gap of knowledge on the association between landscape heritage elements and place attachment. As commonly realized by most of people, the priceless heritage is susceptible to deteriorate or destroyed by either natural phenomenon or human negligence. Henceforth, creating public awareness on this irreplaceable heritage is a necessity to ensure its continuous existence in the future. This paper aims to document the landscape heritage elements and examine their influence on visitors’ attachment to Taiping Lake Garden. Taiping Lake Garden was selected as the study site as it is one of the oldest gardens in Malaysia. The method employed in the study is managed through archival study and observation for documenting the heritage elements found in Taiping Lake Garden. Meanwhile, survey method is used to explore the influence of heritage elements on visitors’ attachment to Taiping Lake Garden. The results indicate that physical, non-physical and natural landscape as the landscape heritage elements of Taiping Lake Garden. While, the result of the surveys demonstrated that these heritage elements influence the visitors’ attachment to the place. From the study, indicates that more effort needs to be done in promoting the landscape heritage of Taiping Lake Garden to sustain its existence in the future.

Gatekeepers to Decolonisation: Recentring the UN Peacekeepers on the Frontline of West Papua’s Re-colonisation, 1962–3

This article examines the policies employed by United Nations (UN) peacekeeping leadership and mid-level staff to silence West Papuan anti-Indonesian activists and dismiss the population’s political opinions as immaterial to their territory’s sovereign future. The UN brokered the New York Agreement, legitimising Indonesia’s claims to the region following a decade of international discussions and military skirmishes between Indonesia and the Netherlands over the territory of West Papua. The Agreement vested the UN with sovereign control of West Papua for seven months to facilitate the transition in authority from Dutch colonial rule. Drawing on a multi-archival study of the mission, this article offers depth and balance to previous high-policy-focused scholarship on the dispute, rendering mid-level peacekeepers visible and bringing their role in shaping peacekeeping practices to light. It illuminates how the mission staff dismissed the views of West Papuan representatives in 1962–3 and contributed to the project of disenfranchisement carried out by the Indonesian government. In doing so, the mission leadership decisively participated in the re-colonisation of the population and disregarded rights violations on the ground.

Order from Chaos: How Networked Activists Self-Organize by Creating a Participation Architecture

Collectives attempting to self-organize without relying on managerial control can leverage open, digital networks to foster information exchange and agility. But, as collectives grow, the open boundaries that enable the mobilization of participants and rapid exchange of ideas can give rise to new organizing challenges that make collective action untenable. We examine this tension by exploring how networked activists self-organize through open, digital networks to achieve shared aims without belonging to a common organization that supports their cause. With a seven-year, inductive field and archival study, we capture how activists from the Anonymous collective organized 70 protest actions while struggling to integrate newcomers and coordinate increasingly complex activities. Rather than succumb to chaos or managerial control, Anonymous learned to self-organize, gradually abandoning normative forms of control in favor of forms of architectural control. By creating a participation architecture—a sociotechnical framework that empowered technical experts and unobtrusively channeled newcomers to designated forums—networked activists enhanced their collective ability to coordinate complex, interdependent actions at scale. Our grounded theoretical model reveals how the challenges of self-organizing emerge with rapid growth and how these can be overcome by configuring architectural control.

Penerjemahan Makian dalam Webtoon Yakhan Yeongung ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia

Profanity is an expression used by someone for the purpose of berating, slandering, or expressing their anger towards others. In Korean, profanity also has another purpose, which is to show intimacy between the speakers and their partner. The purpose of this research is to explain how Korean profanity is translated into Indonesian in the webtoon Yakhan Yeongung. This research uses a descriptive analysis method with a qualitative approach and archival study as the research technique. This research includes Chang’s profanity classification theory as well as Vinay and Dalbernet’s translation theory as references. This research concludes that from the 28 profanity words identified in the data, 15 of them are simple profanities while the rest are compound profanities. Among those, there are two simple profanities and a compound profanity that were not translated. The translation methods used to translate these two kinds of profanity are also different. The simple profanity is translated using literal translation, transposition, equivalence and adaptation methods. Meanwhile, the compound profanity is translated using transposition, equivalence, adaptation, deletion and addition methods.