Assessment of intestinal macromolecular absorption in young piglets to pave the way to oral vaccination: preliminary results

The small intestine of the piglet has evolved to be permeable immediately after birth to facilitate the uptake of colostrum-derived immunoglobulins as well as other macromolecules, and cells. However, the precise timing of gut closure in today’s precocious pig is not known. We gavaged piglets immediately after birth and at 1-h after birth with Cy5-labeled Ovalbumin (Cy5-Ova) then harvested their small intestine’s 6–7 h later. To assess localization of Cy5-Ova in the small intestinal epithelial cells, we performed immunohistochemistry using a basolateral surface marker and a recycling endosome marker called pIgR, the late endosomal marker Rab7, and the lysosomal marker LAMP-1. Cy5-Ova co-localized with Rab7 and LAMP-1 in the duodenum and jejunum of 0-h old and 1-h old gavaged piglets, but only in the ileum of 0-h gavaged piglets. These data suggest that movement of Cy5-Ova through the late endosomes to the lysosomes was much reduced in the ileum of 1-h gavaged piglets. Cy5-Ova was largely present in epithelial cell digestive and transport vacuoles, but it did not colocalize with pIgR-positive endosomes in 0-h and 1-h gavaged piglets. Differences in macromolecular uptake across the different regions of the small intestine after only 1-h may be due to prior processing of colostral macromolecules, changes in the intestine due to initiation of colonization by microflora and/or the initiation of gut-closure. Understanding the relationship between the localization of Cy5-Ova and small intestinal permeability may contribute to establishing whether oral vaccination in the newborn can capitalize on the transient permeability before gut closure to promote immune protection.

Detergent waste treatment through the modification of biofilter reactors

The use of detergent in households is practiced by almost all people. These conditions make the quality of the environment, especially water bodies, more disturbed when the detergent waste disposal without prior processing. Hazard by detergent can interfere with human health such as digestive system disorders, skin irritation, and even one of the causes of cancer. The aimed of this research was to design a modified biofilter reactor to reduce levels of detergent and other organic substances in domestic wastewater. This research was a pre-experimental design research with designs used is pre-test, treatment, and post-test. The research media used were bioball because bioball has more space on its surface for bacterial growth that will form bacterial phylum, while activated carbon serves to increase efficiency in reducing levels of organic matter and to reduce the concentration of surfactants dissolved. The process is more effective if given a treatment with a process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation. The results showed a decrease in detergent content from 14.56 mg/L to 0.86 mg/L (94.1%). These results indicate that the Bio Filter reactor was effective in reducing detergent levels to meet the detergent waste standard requirements based on East Java Governor Regulation No. 72/2013.

Prior processing, foreign language classroom anxiety, and L2 fluency

This study examines the role of prior processing (understood as L2 use earlier in discourse) in moderating the contributions of foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) and proficiency to L2 utterance fluency. Two groups with comparable FLCA and proficiency scores performed the same narrative task. One group completed it in the absence of any other L2 task, and one group completed it immediately after responding to a similar but not identical prompt. The participants’ speech was analyzed using breakdown, speed, and repair fluency measures. Results showed that prior processing can reduce FLCA’s interference during L2 production. Unexpectedly, prior processing did not produce significant fluency gains associated with lexical retrieval and syntactic encoding. Instead, the patterns of variation revealed that more attention was paid to message conceptualization. This finding implies that prior processing can moderate FLCA’s role in L2 production because it alters the way attentional resources are allocated in subsequent performance.

Bio-pellets Manufacture from Palm Fruit Skin as Renewable Alternative Fuels in Updraft Type Gasification Furnaces

Biomass is a suitable alternative to be used as fuel, but the use of biomass without prior processing can cause respiratory disease. In Indragiri Hilir Regency, the utilization of palm fruit skin waste is still minimal. Bio-pellet is a fuel derived from biomass waste that has gone through a densification process. The process of making bio-pellets is carried out by refining the raw materials, mixing the adhesives, printing the raw materials that are pressed under high pressure, and drying. The results of the research on the bio-pellet characteristic test of Nipah fruit peel waste according to its parameters obtained an average value of 1.28% water content, 0.51% ash content, 21.3% flying substance content, 76.88% bound carbon content and weight. type 1.41 gr / cm3. For the combustion test in the updraft type gasification furnace with the addition of 0.5kg, 0.3kg and 0.2kg of fuel, the results obtained from the rate of fuel consumption are 0.041kg / minute, 0.033kg / minute and 0.033kg respectively. /minute. In the results of combustion efficiency, the value according to SNI 7926: 2013 is the addition of 0.5kg of fuel at the beginning of ignition and 0.2 kg at the end of ignition, which is 0.04.

The Effectiveness Of Glycine Max L Extracts As Coagulant In Peat Water Treatment

Peat water is water that has the potential to be used as a source of clean water in the peatland area like in Kalimantan island. However, it was still required prior processing before used as clean water for hygiene and sanitation purposes. Several coagulants have been extensively studied for their potential to remove the color from water and turbidity using natural coagulant. Glycine max L contained a cationic protein that could act as a coagulant. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Glycine max L extract to reduce the color and turbidity in peat water. In this study, an artificially humic acid solution was prepared as a peat water model. Glycine max L was extracted by using 1.0 M NaCl (NaCl-EX) and pure water (DW-EX). The results showed that the NaCl-EX solution with an optimum dose of 4 mL/500 mL could be used to reduce the color and turbidity effectively.

A Model of Online Temporal-Spatial Integration for Immediacy and Overrule in Discourse Comprehension

During discourse comprehension, information from prior processing is integrated and appears to be immediately accessible. This was remarkably demonstrated by an N400 for “salted” and not “in love” in response to “The peanut was salted/ in love.” Discourse overrule was induced by prior discourse featuring the peanut as an animate agent. Immediate discourse overrule requires a model that integrates information at two timescales. One is over the lifetime and includes event knowledge and word semantics. The second is over the discourse in an event context. We propose a model where both are accounted for by temporal-to-spatial integration of experience into distributed spatial representations, providing immediate access to experience accumulated over different timescales. For lexical semantics, this is modeled by a word embedding system trained by sequential exposure to the entire Wikipedia corpus. For discourse, this is modeled by a recurrent reservoir network trained to generate a discourse vector for input sequences of words. The N400 is modeled as the difference between the instantaneous discourse vector and the target word. We predict this model can account for semantic immediacy and discourse overrule. The model simulates lexical priming and discourse overrule in the “Peanut in love” discourse, and it demonstrates that an unexpected word elicits reduced N400 if it is generally related to the event described in prior discourse, and that this effect disappears when the discourse context is removed. This neurocomputational model is the first to simulate immediacy and overrule in discourse-modulated N400, and contributes to characterization of online integration processes in discourse.

RNase AM, a 5′ to 3′ exonuclease, matures the 5′ end of all three ribosomal RNAs in E. coli

Bacterial ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are transcribed as precursors and require processing by Ribonucleases (RNases) to generate mature and functional rRNAs. Although the initial steps of rRNA processing in Escherichia coli (E. coli) were described several decades ago, the enzymes responsible for the final steps of 5S and 23S rRNA 5′-end maturation have remained unknown. Here, I show that RNase AM, a recently identified 5′ to 3′ exonuclease, performs the last step of 5S rRNA 5′-end maturation. RNase AM was also found to generate the mature 5′ end of 23S rRNA, subsequent to a newly identified prior processing step. Additionally, RNase AM was found to mature the 5′ end of 16S rRNA, a reaction previously attributed to RNase G. These findings indicate a major role for RNase AM in cellular RNA metabolism and establish a biological role for the first 5′ to 3′ RNA exonuclease identified in E. coli.

DYNAMIC INTERPLAY BETWEEN PRACTICE TYPE AND PRACTICE SCHEDULE IN A SECOND LANGUAGE

To investigate the skill transfer and the effects of practice schedules in the learning of second language syntax, 129 intermediate-level English learners were divided into six groups, based on practice format (input vs. output practice) and practice schedule (blocked vs. interleaved vs. hybrid [blocked + interleaved]). Analyses revealed that the learners tested on the skill they had practiced outperformed those who were tested on the nonpracticed skill. This pattern was particularly pronounced in comprehension processing speed and production accuracy. Moreover, hybrid practice facilitated skill development more than blocked or interleaved practice alone. Furthermore, a dynamic interplay was detected among practice format, schedule, and learners’ prior knowledge. Hybrid practice led to the least transfer from receptive skills (gained through input practice) to productive skills. Unlike interleaved practice effects, the effects of blocked practice on comprehension speed were more susceptible to learners’ prior processing speed.