Comparison of Head Circumference and Abdominal Circumference Ratio in Normotensive and patients with Pregnancy Induced Hypertensive Disorders after 28 weeks of gestation

Background: Hypertensive disorders are an important medical problem of gestation. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a significant cause for maternal and fetal morbidity as well as mortality. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) commonly describes the condition of fetus whose size or growth is subnormal. IUGR fetus is frequently described as symmetrical and asymmetrical IUGR in term of their body proportions. Asymmetric growth retardation is typically linked to uteroplacental inadequacy. Hypertension is one of the maternal causes of placental insufficiency. Aim: To compare head circumference and abdominal circumference ratio in normotensive and patients with pregnancy induced hypertensive disorders after 28 weeks of gestation. Methodology: A cross sectional analytical study was carried on 113 pregnant females in which 57 women were normotensive and 56 women were hypertensive. All individuals were scanned by two- dimensional ultrasound following 28 weeks of pregnancy to evaluate sonographic parameters HC and AC. The HC/AC ratio was estimated by dividing head circumference with abdominal circumference. Results: Out of 57 normotensive patients 27 (36.48%) fetuses were diagnosed with IUGR having HC/AC ratio more than 1, while 30 had normal HC/AC ratio. In 56 hypertensive patients 47(63.51%) fetuses were diagnosed with IUGR having HC/AC ratio greater than 1, however 9(23.07%) fetuses had HC/AC ratio within normal range. So out of total 113 patients, 74 fetuses were found with IUGR while 39 fetuses had HC/AC ratio within normal ranges. Our study found that a cut off value of ≥ 1.0974 for HC/AC ratio could be used as diagnostic parameter in predicting IUGR. Conclusion: HC/AC ratio is a useful parameter for the detection of IUGR. Keywords: Head Circumference, Abdominal Circumference, Intra Uterine Growth Retardation

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Fetal Outcomes of Abnormal Placental and Birth Weight Ratio

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i45a32734 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 199-204

Author(s):

Uzma Aslam ◽

. Raishem ◽

Asma Kashif ◽

Aisha Dahri ◽

Azra Khanam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Fetal Distress ◽

Age Difference ◽

Fetal Outcomes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Uterine Growth ◽

Intra Uterine Growth Retardation

Objective: To find out the fetal complications of abnormal placental and birth weight ratio. Materials and methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 at department of Gyn/Obs PMCH Nawabshah. Total 110 patients who met the criteria were included in this study. After history, clinical examination and required radiological and biochemical investigations, participants were delivered and weight of placenta and bay was measured and ratio was recorded. Results were made and conclusion was drawn. Results: Age difference was also seen in participants. Maternal age ranged from 18-35 years. 65(59%) patients ranged from 18 to 25 years. 30(27%) patients were of age between 26-30 years. 16(14%) aged from 31-35 years. Regarding fetal outcomes, Intra Uterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) was found to be among 30(27.27%), IUD in 3(2.72%), fetal distress in10 (9.09%), low APGAR in 7(6.36%), respiratory distress in 6(5.45%) and Cardio Vascular Diseases in 0% patients. Conclusion: To sum up, it is concluded that in our study, the common fetal outcome due to abnormal Abnormal Placental And Birth Weight Ratio (PBWR) was intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR) followed by IUD, fetal distress and low APGAR.

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Effect of pregnancy induced hypertension on pregnancy outcome: a hospital based cross sectional study at a tertiary care hospital

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181942 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 1984

Author(s):

K. Hima Bindu ◽

E. Rama Devi

Keyword(s):

Pregnancy Outcome ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Induced Hypertension ◽

Uterine Growth ◽

Intra Uterine Growth Retardation

Background: I Pregnancy induced hypertension causes intra uterine growth retardation, pre-mature delivery, intra uterine death of fetus, abruption placentae. It also causes increased morbidity and mortality among women. The objective of the present study is to observe the effect of pregnancy induced hypertension on pregnancy outcome.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out to study the effect of pregnancy induced hypertension on pregnancy outcome for a period of two years from April 2004 to March 2006 at Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad. Results: The mean maternal age in group I was 22.9 years comparable to group II. The incidence of PIH was 10.7% among primipara compared to 9.1% among multi parous women. Mean gestational age at entry to the present study was comparable among both the groups. Mean gestational age at delivery was higher in normotensive women compared to women with PIH. The incidence of low birth weight was 70% among PIH group compared to only 16.7% in normotensive group and this difference was found to be statistically significant. The incidence of intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) was 70% among PIH group compared to only 16.7% in normotensive group and this difference was found to be statistically significant. The incidence of pre-term delivery was 70% among PIH group compared to only 16.7% in normotensive group and this difference was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: T Pregnancy induced hypertension was positively associated with adverse outcome. Early diagnosis and proper management can help to overcome and tackle most of the adverse outcomes.

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Intra-Uterine Growth Retardation in the Pig. I. Organ Size and Cellular Development at Birth and after Growth to Maturity

Neonatology ◽

10.1159/000240427 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 19 (4-6) ◽

pp. 329-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

E.M. Widdowson

Keyword(s):

Growth Retardation ◽

Organ Size ◽

Uterine Growth ◽

Cellular Development ◽

Intra Uterine Growth Retardation

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Effects of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure on cardiac calreticulin and calsequestrin protein expression during early development and in adulthood

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20021771 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 371 (1) ◽

pp. 61-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Maria L. LANGDOWN ◽

Mark J. HOLNESS ◽

Mary C. SUGDEN

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Function ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Premature Death ◽

Fetal Life ◽

Dexamethasone Treatment ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Uterine Growth ◽

Intra Uterine Growth Retardation ◽

Glucocorticoid Action

Overexpression of the conserved Ca2+-binding proteins calreticulin and calsequestrin impairs cardiac function, leading to premature death. Calreticulin is vital for embryonic development, but also impairs glucocorticoid action. Glucocorticoid overexposure during late fetal life causes intra-uterine growth retardation and programmed hypertension in adulthood. To determine whether intra-uterine growth retardation or programmed hypertension was associated with altered calreticulin or calsequestrin expression, effects of prenatal glucocorticoid overexposure (maternal dexamethasone treatment on days 15—21 of pregnancy) were examined during fetal life and postnatal development until adulthood (24 weeks). Dexamethasone (100 or 200μg/kg of maternal body weight) was administered via osmotic pump. Calreticulin was detected as a 55kDa band and calsequestrin as 55 and 63kDa bands in 21 day fetal hearts. Only the 55kDa calsequestrin band was detected postnatally. Prenatal glucocorticoid overexposure at the higher dose decreased calreticulin protein expression (26%; P<0.05) but increased calsequestrin protein expression, both 55 and 63kDa bands, by 87% (P<0.01) and 78% (P<0.01); only the 55kDa calsequestrin band was increased at the lower dose (66%; P<0.05). Offspring of dams treated at the lower dexamethasone dose were studied further. In control offspring, cardiac calreticulin protein expression declined between 2 and 3 weeks of age, and remained suppressed until adulthood. Cardiac calsequestrin protein expression increased 2-fold between fetal day 21 and postnatal day 1 and continued to increase until adulthood, at which time it was 3.4-fold higher (P<0.001). Prenatal dexamethasone exposure minimally affected postnatal calsequestrin protein expression, but the postnatal decline in calreticulin protein expression was abrogated and calreticulin protein expression in adulthood was 2.2-fold increased (P<0.001) compared with adult controls. In view of the known associations between cardiac calreticulin overexpression and impaired cardiac function, targeted up-regulation of calreticulin may contribute to the increased risk of adult heart disease introduced as a result of prenatal overexposure to glucocorticoids.

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