scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Jay Weiser ◽  
◽  
Ronald Neath ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Common Interest ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Residential Community ◽  
Homeowners Associations ◽  
Community Associations ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Architectural Review ◽  
Deed Restrictions

Residential community associations (common interest communities such as condominiums, cooperatives and planned unit developments, as well as properties subject to homeowners associations and architectural review boards) have become the dominant form of ownership for new United States single-family residential units. Community associations typically use covenants, conditions and restrictions (also known as CCRs, C&Rs, deed restrictions or covenants) to impose extensive private-ordered controls over unit owners. This empirical study uses regression analysis of a Web-based community association enforcement practices survey, concluding that more intense private-ordered enforcement is associated with increased unit value and decreased covenant violation levels. It also finds that judicial deference to private-ordered community association enforcement decisions is associated with higher value, and that some measures of social cohesion are associated with decreased covenant violation levels.

Residential Community Associations and the American Intergovernmental System

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett W. Hawkins ◽  
Stephen L. Percy ◽  
Steven R. Montreal
Keyword(s):  
Residential Community ◽  
Community Associations

scholarly journals Measuring Community Greening Merging Multi-Source Geo-Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiying Gu ◽  
Yiyong Chen ◽  
Muye Dai
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Residential Community ◽  
Shenzhen City ◽  
Spatial Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Green Land

Urban residential greening provides opportunities for social integration and physical exercise. These activities are beneficial to promoting citizens’ mental health, relieving stress, and reducing obesity and violent crimes. However, how to measure the distribution and spatial difference of green resources in urban residential areas have been controversial. This study takes the greening of urban residential units in Shenzhen City as its research object, measures the various greening index values of each residential unit, and analyses the spatial distribution characteristics of residential greening, regional differences, and influencing factors. A large sample of street view pictures, urban land use and high-resolution remote sensing image data are employed to establish an urban residential greening database containing 14,196 residential units. This study proposes three greening indicators, namely, green coverage index, green view index, and accessible public green land index, for measuring the green coverage of residential units, the visible greening of surrounding street space and the public green land around, respectively. Results show that (1) the greening level of residential units in Shenzhen City is generally high, with the three indicators averaging 32.7%, 30.5%, and 15.1%, respectively; (2) the types of residential greening differ per area; and (3) the level of residential greening is affected by development intensity, location, elevation and residential type. Such findings can serve as a reference for improving the greening level of residential units. This study argues that one indicator alone cannot measure the greenness of a residential community. It proposes an accessible public green land index as a measure for the spatial relationship between residential units and green lands. It suggests that future green space planning should pay more attention to the spatial distribution of green land, and introduce quantitative indicators to ensure sufficient green lands around the walking range of residential areas.

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Analysis of Residential Underdrain Design Methodologies, Performance, and Failures

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Nelson ◽  
Edward Fronapfel
Keyword(s):  
Common Interest ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Flow Capacity ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Homeowners Association ◽  
Forensic Engineering ◽  
Clear Information ◽  
Design Construction

In 2014, the basement of a single-family home in a residential subdivision flooded. The homeowner’s insurance company engaged an engineer to conduct forensic investigations, which ultimately determined that the resultant flooding was caused by blockage of an underdrain system to which the home was connected. This system included a main line in the street and a lateral that connected the underdrain to the home’s foundation drain. Subsequent to this event, other homes in the subdivision reported flooding in the basements and crawlspaces. The author was engaged by the subdivision homeowners association (Common Interest Ownership Community or CIOC). The CIOC’s declarations and recorded documents contained no information regarding the existence of the underdrain system. In addition, there was no clear information about the ownership or maintenance responsibility. The author’s field investigations determined the underdrain was not constructed to the applicable minimum standards, and the developer did not provide adequate flow capacity for the number of homes served by the underdrain. The CIOC entered into litigation against the developer, and the author evaluated issues associated with the design, construction, transition, and maintenance of the underdrain system.

scholarly journals The Publicness of Private Land Use Controls

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S Alexander
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Residential Community ◽  
Community Associations ◽  
Land Use Controls

Real burdens, or land-use “servitudes” as they are called in the United States, are usually thought of as strictly private legal devices. Yet in many countries, including the United States, they serve public functions. They are used to constitute residential community associations. These institutions differ from traditional civil society institutions in that they are designed to provide public goods in much the same way as cities do. Generally, they allocate public goods more efficiently than do local governments, which are unable to respond to differences in preferences for various goods and services within given political boundaries. At the same time, however, the very fact that residential community associations perform many of the same public functions as municipalities creates certain tensions between these associations and the neighbouring municipalities. A fair and equitable resolution of these tensions requires that residential community associations be characterised as quasi-public for the purpose of legal regulation. To date, that view has been impeded by the fact that they are created through private land-use controls. For residential community associations to fulfill their potential to reinvigorate both civil society and the public sphere, they must be viewed for legal purposes as quasi-public, owing certain obligations to the society outside their boundaries.

scholarly journals KAJIAN BESARAN RUANG PADA UNIT RUMAH SUSUN DI JAKARTA, Studi Kasus: Rusun Tebet, Rusun Tanah Abang dan Rusunami Kalibata

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Susy Irma Adisurya
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
The Government

<p><strong>Abstract</strong><br />The 22nd Presidential Decree of 2006 on the coordination of Housing Development Planning in Urban Area (PPRSKP Coordination Team) has turned the existence of a terraced house (vertical housing) into a housing solution for the over population in big cities. Simple flats (RUSUNA), according to the government is measures by 18 m2, 25 m2 and 36 m2. Ownership of this unit will not automatically in the tax subsidies by the government and the developer. This is in accordance with the regulations of Government Regulation No.31 of 2007, provides consumers with a VAT exemption on certain conditions.<br />Government of DKI Jakarta during the time of governor Jokowi had a program of development of the Flats as an effort to fulfill the housing needs of the people who inhabited the slums of Jakarta. As many of the towers with adequately spaced units are<br />very limited, they don't comply with the minimum necessities for a single family. Therefore, it is necessary to further research on the space of residential units in this Flat. This study will look at the extent of the influence of relationships between activity<br />and unit size. Does the size of residential units in the towers are in accordance with the needs of users, of which the majority are lower middle class people who are married and have children? With a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative research methods,<br />researchers conducted observations and data collection on simple towers of residential units in the area of Tanah Abang, Tebet and Kalibata. Results of the analysis showed that it can be concluded that some of the size of each room in a residential unit towers built in the 80s, 90s and 2000s already fulfilled the<br />standards of housing needs, but some of them don't. Results of this study was proposed to be practical reference that can be used as a guide by the Jakarta City Administration and the Department of Public Works (MPW), the developer of flats in Indonesia and the general public in need.<br /><br /></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong><br />Keputusan Presiden No.22 Tahun 2006 tentang koordinasi Perencanaan Pembangunan Rumah di Kawasan Perkotaan (Tim Koordinasi PPRSKP) membuat keberadaan rumah bertingkat (vertical housing) menjadi solusi bagi pemenuhan perumahan penduduk di kota besar. Rumah Susun Sederhana (RUSUNA) menurut pemerintah adalah berukuran 18 m2, 25 m2, dan 36 m2. Kepemilikan unit ini otomatis tidak akan di subsidi pajaknya oleh pemerintah dan pihak pengembang. Hal ini sesuai dengan peraturan Peraturan Pemerintah No.31 Tahun 2007, berisi pembebasan PPN pada konsumen dengan syarat-syarat tertentu. Pemerintahan DKI Jakarta di masa gubernur Jokowi memiliki program pembangunan Rumah Susun sebagai upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan perumahan rakyat. Kelak penghuninya adalah masyarakat dari daerah kumuh di Jakarta, karena banyak dari Rusun yang ada besaran luas unitnya sangat terbatas, tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan minimal untuk satu keluarga sederhana. Perlu diadakan penelitian lebih mendalam tentang besar luasan unit hunian Rusun ini. Dalam penelitian dilihat sejauh mana pengaruh hubungan aktifitas dengan besar unit hunian. Apakah ukuran unit hunian di rusun sudah sesuai dengan kebutuhan penggunanya, yang mayoritas adalah<br />masyarakat kelas menengah bawah yang sudah berkeluarga dan memiliki anak. Dengan metode penelitian campuran antara kualitatif dengan kuantitatif peneliti melakukan observasi dan pendataan terhadap unit hunian rusun sederhana di wilayah Tanah Abang, Tebet dan Kalibata. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa melalui analisa di atas dapat disimpulkan<br />bahwa ukuran tiap ruang dalam unit hunian Rusun yang dibangun tahun 80an, 90an dan 2000an ada yang sudah sesuai dan ada yg belum sesuai dengan kebutuhan penggunanya. Hasil penelitian ini diusulkan menjadi acuan praktis yang dapat dijadikan panduan oleh Pemerintah Daerah DKI Jakarta<br />dan Departemen Pekerjaan Umum (DPU), para pengembang rumah susun di indonesia dan masyarakat umum yang memerlukan.</p>

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