scholarly journals Cancer Control Strategies Aiming at Healthy Longevity

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 7_52-7_54
Author(s):  
Tadao KAKIZOE
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Healthy Longevity

scholarly journals The state of cancer in Meru, Kenya: a retrospective study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Francis Kobia ◽  
Jesse Gitaka ◽  
Francis Makokha ◽  
Moses Kamita ◽  
Joshua Kibera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Stomach Cancer ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Cancer Registries ◽  
The State ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Cancer Rates

Background: It is projected that by 2030, 70% of all cancer related deaths will occur in low-middle income countries. However, data on the state of cancer in most African countries is scanty. Cancer estimates for Kenya are based on the Nairobi and Eldoret cancer registries, leaving most parts of the country unrepresented. Lacking national coverage, these data do not accurately reflect Kenya’s cancer burden. The paucity of reliable data impedes formulation of effective cancer control strategies and cancer research prioritization. Here, we report the findings of a retrospective study of the cancer state in Meru County, Kenya. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patient files at Meru hospice was carried out. 2349 cancer cases seen at the Meru hospice between 2003 and 2018 were analyzed. Data abstracted from the records included patient age, gender and cancer type. The abstracted data was analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: Our results indicate that cancer is almost evenly distributed across genders, with men accounting for 49% and women 51%. Stomach cancer rates are strikingly elevated and equal to those in countries with the highest stomach cancer rates globally – making it the commonest cancer in this region (14%). Among men, the most common cancers affect the prostate (18%), stomach (17%), esophagus (14%), head & neck (12%), liver (8%) and colorectum (5%). Among women, the commonest are cancers of the breast (22%), cervix (20%), stomach (11%), esophagus (8%), head & neck (6%) and liver (5%). Breast cancer occurs at a notably early age, with 20% of those affected aged below 40. Lung cancer rates are notably low in this region (1.3%) relative to world estimates. Conclusion: Cancer distribution in Meru is nearly even between sexes. Our analysis suggests that the Meru region is a stomach cancer hotspot and that it also experiences elevated esophageal cancer levels.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Cancer-Related Hospitalizations in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 107327482110387
Author(s):  
Allini Mafra da Costa ◽  
Aline L. Ribeiro ◽  
Adeylson G. Ribeiro ◽  
Andrea Gini ◽  
Citadel Cabasag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
The Impact

Background Alongside the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, Brazil also faces an ongoing rise in cancer burden. In 2020, there were approximately 592 000 new cancer cases and 260 000 cancer deaths. Considering the heterogeneities across Brazil, this study aimed to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer-related hospital admissions at a national and regional level. Methods The national, regional, and state-specific monthly average of cancer-related hospital admission rates per 100 000 inhabitants and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated from March to July (2019: pre-COVID-19; and 2020: COVID-19 period). Thematic maps were constructed to compare the rates between periods and regions. Results Cancer-related hospital admissions were reduced by 26% and 28% for clinical and surgical purposes, respectively. In Brazil, the average hospitalization rates decreased from 13.9 in 2019 to 10.2 in 2020 per 100,000 inhabitants, representing a rate difference of −3.7 (per 100,000 inhabitants; 95% CI: −3.9 to −3.5) for cancer-related (clinical) hospital admissions. Surgical hospital admissions showed a rate decline of −5.8 per 100,000 (95% CI: −6.0 to −5.5). The reduction in cancer-related admissions for the surgical procedure varies across regions ranging between −2.2 and −10.8 per 100 000 inhabitants, with the most significant decrease observed in the south and southeastern Brazil. Conclusions We observed a substantial decrease in cancer-related hospital admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic with marked differences across regions. Delays in treatment may negatively impact cancer survival in the future; hence, cancer control strategies to mitigate the impact are needed.

scholarly journals Cancer Registration in the Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey: Scope and Challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 1101-1109
Author(s):  
Zahi Abdul-Sater ◽  
Ali Shamseddine ◽  
Ali Taher ◽  
Fouad Fouad ◽  
Ghassan Abu-Sitta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Cancer Registry ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cancer Registration ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Conflict Zones

PURPOSE National cancer control strategies have been identified as essential tools for reducing and managing the growing burden of cancer in low- and middle-income countries. Cancer registration is an instrumental component of any cancer control strategy, providing the data to inform effective cancer policy. In the Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey (MENAT) region, cancer registration varies immensely and faces multifaceted challenges including protracted conflict. This study investigates and maps out the present capacities and outputs of cancer registration in the MENAT region and identifies thematic barriers facing implementation and utilization of cancer registry data. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a self-administered online survey with open and close-ended questions targeting national and institutional cancer registry managers in the MENAT countries. RESULTS Registry managers from 19 MENAT countries reported the presence of 97 population-based, 48 hospital-based, and 24 pathology-based registries. Most population-based registries were well- or partially developed. Lack of accurate death records, complete medical records, and communication between stakeholders and deficiencies in trained personnel were critical challenges that were more severe in active conflict zones and neighboring conflict-affected regions. Cancer registration challenges included weak health infrastructure, absence of legislation mandating cancer registration, and disruption of cancer registration because of active conflict and loss of funding. Refugee host countries, such as Lebanon, Turkey, and Jordan, also reported conflict-related challenges including refugee mobility and lack of accurate data on forced migrants. CONCLUSION This study provides a much-needed understanding of the current landscape and contextual challenges affecting cancer registration in the MENAT. These data are important for identifying areas on which to focus regional capacity-strengthening initiatives.

Cancer Mortality by Urbanization and Proximity to the Sea Coast in Campania Region, Southern Italy

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ettore Bidoli ◽  
Silvia Franceschi ◽  
Maurizio Montella
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Rural Municipalities

Aims and background The risk for several cancers is higher in urban than in rural areas. The gradient has seldom been studied in southern Europe. Patients and methods The geographical pattern of mortality for different cancers and all causes was studied in the Campania Region (about 5.6 million inhabitants), whose largest town is Naples. The key variables were residence in urban/rural and coastal/inland municipalities. Relative risks of death and corresponding 95% confidence intervals by residence were evaluated by means of Poisson log-linear regression models. Results Significantly increased mortality rates in urban compared to rural municipalities were found for several cancer causes of death. In particular, in both sexes, excesses in the order of 30-50% were observed for tobacco-related neoplasms (i.e., larynx, lung, and bladder) and cancers of the intestine, liver, brain, multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, in addition to all-cancer, and all-cause mortality. In females, specific excesses were also noticed for cancer of the gallbladder, pancreas, breast and uterus (corpus and cervix). Conversely, significantly decreased mortality rates in urban with respect to rural municipalities were observed for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in males. Coastal location and degree of urbanization were strongly correlated, thus showing similar associations with most causes of death. However, a significant excess of cancer of the pleura in males was restricted to coastal municipalities. Conclusions Anti-smoking campaigns, sanitation improvements, hepatitis B vaccination, and a decrease in obesity emerge as high priorities with respect to cancer control strategies in the Campania Region, particularly in overpopu-lated, underprivileged urban areas.

scholarly journals Identifying important breast cancer control strategies in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East/North Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John FP Bridges ◽  
Benjamin O Anderson ◽  
Antonio C Buzaid ◽  
Abdul R Jazieh ◽  
Louis W Niessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Breast Cancer Control

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness of Breast Cancer Control Strategies in Central America: The Cases of Costa Rica and Mexico

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e95836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurens M. Niëns ◽  
Sten G. Zelle ◽  
Cristina Gutiérrez-Delgado ◽  
Gustavo Rivera Peña ◽  
Blanca Rosa Hidalgo Balarezo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Central America ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Breast Cancer Control

scholarly journals Genomic, Microbial and Immunological Microenvironment of Colorectal Polyps

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3382
Author(s):  
Benita C. Y. Tse ◽  
Zoe Welham ◽  
Alexander F. Engel ◽  
Mark P. Molloy
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Colorectal Polyps ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
Tumour Suppressor Genes ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Colonoscopic Surveillance ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Molecular Landscape

Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops from pre-cancerous cellular lesions in the gut epithelium, known as polyps. Polyps themselves arise through the accumulation of mutations that disrupt the function of key tumour suppressor genes, activate proto-oncogenes and allow proliferation in an environment where immune control has been compromised. Consequently, colonoscopic surveillance and polypectomy are central pillars of cancer control strategies. Recent advances in genomic sequencing technologies have enhanced our knowledge of key driver mutations in polyp lesions that likely contribute to CRC. In accordance with the prognostic significance of Immunoscores for CRC survival, there is also a likely role for early immunological changes in polyps, including an increase in regulatory T cells and a decrease in mature dendritic cell numbers. Gut microbiotas are under increasing research interest for their potential contribution to CRC evolution, and changes in the gut microbiome have been reported from analyses of adenomas. Given that early changes to molecular components of bowel polyps may have a direct impact on cancer development and/or act as indicators of early disease, we review the molecular landscape of colorectal polyps, with an emphasis on immunological and microbial alterations occurring in the gut and propose the potential clinical utility of these data.

scholarly journals The OncoSim Cancer Simulation Platform: A Tool to Project the Population Effects of Cancer Control Interventions in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 77s-77s
Author(s):  
N. Fitzgerald ◽  
C. Gauvreau ◽  
S. Memon ◽  
S. Hussain ◽  
A. Coldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Lung Cancer Screening ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Statistics Canada

Background: Cancer control interventions exert their effects over multiple decades. To evaluate diverse and competing opportunities to reduce future cancer burden it is desirable to understand long-term effects prior to any new program implementation or significant change. Internationally, modeling is becoming an accepted source of planning information for decision-makers. Aim: We will describe the construction and use of the OncoSim microsimulation model, which was developed to evaluate cancer control strategies in Canada. Methods: OncoSim is a suite of models (cancers of the lung, colorectum, cervix and breast, plus a composite 32-cancer model) used to address key policy questions and support decision-making. It is led by the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer with model development by Statistics Canada. OncoSim incorporates risk factors, cancer natural history, screening, treatment, survival and end-of-life care. Wherever possible it is informed by Canadian data sources. Models are calibrated to reproduce a range of cancer-specific statistics, e.g., current and historical Canadian cancer-specific incidence and mortality, smoking patterns, and results of screening. The site-specific models have undergone further validation by replicating reported short-term effects of cancer prevention and screening interventions. Users may customize interventions through modifying input parameters. Outputs include incidence, mortality, costs, cost-effectiveness, and resource utilization. Users from the public sector have access at no cost to OncoSim and receive extensive support from a multidisciplinary technical team. The model is continually updated to incorporate emerging knowledge. Results: OncoSim has been used to support cancer control decision-making at the national and provincial/territorial levels. Applications include: national guidelines recommendations for colorectal and lung cancer screening; comparison of cytology vs. HPV based cervical cancer screening; and integration of smoking cessation into low-dose CT lung cancer screening. Conclusion: Validated simulation models such as OncoSim can be a versatile and efficient tool for cancer control planners to evaluate and prioritize cancer control strategies.

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