scholarly journals Impact of lockdown on the training process and ranking in taekwondo itf competitions during a pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4s) ◽  
pp. 90-100
Author(s):  
Silvia Ilieva-Sinigerova
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
The State ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Sports Industry ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
Emergency Measures

The last year of the global COVID-19 pandemic has provoked unprecedented countermeasures in all sectors of the economy, including individual, group, institutional and industrial. The sports industry suddenly stopped all events. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the introduced emergency measures in Bulgaria on the training process and the performance of taekwondo ITF athletes in the discipline “pattern” of the state online championship in 2020. The study was conducted in the period 27/04-10/05/2020 and involved 79 athletes, profiled as representatives of large cities (Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna) – 27.8% and 72.2% – of small cities. The division was provoked by the various measures that were imposed during the state of emergency. The survey was conducted through an Internet-based questionnaire, which contains 23 items related to the training process during the state of emergency, as well as the ranking of the competitors in the online championship. The analysis made were the following: alternative analysis (to establish the relative shares of different responses in the questionnaires), comparative analysis (U – criteria of Mann Whitney), Varimax factor analysis and Hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s method). Statistically significant differences was found in the conducted training for equipment, in which in the big cities 4 – 5 times a week the athletes did not train, while in the small ones – 3.5%. The largest number of trainees conducted 1 – 2 training sessions a week. In the big cities it ranked second 3 times a week, while in the small cities – I have not trained. It was noteworthy that the representatives of the big cities evaluate the sharing of video trainings positively, while in the small cities they were hesitant in their opinion and the competitors indicate different evaluations. The key individual work of the coach with the medalists in both types of settlements stood out. There was a small number of trainings for medalists, which were systematized and focused. In 5th-8th place, a larger number of trainings was established, but the assistance from the coach was missing. There was a lack of motivation in not medalist athletes.

State of emergency in Poland: constitutional regulation and “hybrid” nature during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-67
Author(s):  
Valentina Chekharina
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Hybrid State ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
Constitutional Tribunal ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Emergency Measures

The COVID-19 pandemic became widespread across the world throughout 2020 and 2021 in an emergency that gravely impacted the health and lives of people around the world. States have taken exceptional measures to combat the pandemic, including controversial decisions to introduce emergency regimes, which have been questioned in regards to their compliance with constitutional regulations. The fight against the COVID-19 pandemic requires special measures, however they must remain within the constitutional framework. Consequently, the pandemic and its effect upon the legality of regimes in a state of emergency has captured the attention of legal scholars. The aim of this study is to analyse the constitutional regulation of the state of emergency in the Republic of Poland which was introduced in the country during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Poland, an emergency regime was introduced following an order by the Minister of Health. However the state of emergency (here, natural disaster) as stated by the Constitution was not introduced, although, according to analysts, some state bodies and officials had confirmed that all the necessary conditions for this were met. On 2 March 2020, the so-called Special Law on Coronavirus was adopted, followed by other regulations to fight the pandemic. These analysts stated that the measures introduced by the new acts corresponded to a legal regime containing the constitutional characteristics of a state of emergency, but lacked the appropriate constitutional procedure for their introduction. Presidential elections were held at this time, however legally they cannot be held during a state of emergency, as it indicates the presence of political interests in the choice of the regime. The unconstitutional procedure of the introduction of emergency measures alongside their characteristics of the state of emergency make it possible to consider the epidemic regime introduced in Poland a “hybrid” state of emergency, which is not detailed by the Constitution or legislation. On this basis, the study concludes that reasons behind the unconstitutional response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland can be found in both the Constitution, and in the manifestations of the crisis of the constitutional and legal system, which began with the reform of Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal by the ruling Law and Justice party in 2015.

TOURISM INDUSTRY OF PLOVDIV IN THE CONDITIONS OF EMERGENCY MEASURES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatka Grigorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Current Economic Situation ◽  
Potential Customers ◽  
Emergency Measures ◽  
Innovative Approaches

The report summarizes information on the state of the tourism business in Plovdiv after the introduction of Covid-19 restrictive emergency measures, as well as the expectations for the development of tourism in the coming months based on an online survey at the end of April 2020. The report outlines the overall state of the industry as well as the difficulties it faces and the efforts it made to retain employment and towards recovery. The adaptability of the business in the current economic situation and the search for new innovative approaches to attract and welcome tourists are highlighted, in order to reach more potential customers after the end of the state of emergency.

scholarly journals How did the ‘state of emergency’ declaration in Japan due to the COVID-19 pandemic affect the acoustic environment in a rather quiet residential area?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimihiro Sakagami
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
City Centres

The COVID-19 pandemic caused lockdowns in many countries worldwide. Acousticians have made surveys to monitor how cities became quieter under the lockdown, mainly in central areas in cities. However, there have been few studies on the changes in the acoustic environment due to the pandemic in the usually quieter residential areas. It may be expected to be different from the effect in ‘originally noisy’ areas. Also, the effect could be different in Japan, because the ‘state of emergency’ declaration there was different to lockdowns elsewhere. Considering these circumstances, this article reports the results of noise monitoring and makes some observations on the acoustic environment in residential areas far from city centres, to provide an example of how the acoustic environment was affected by the state of emergency declaration due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The results showed that the reduction of noise levels was somewhat less than that reported in large cities. Also, comparing the results after the cancellation of the state of emergency, the noise level increased again. However, observations of noise sources imply that a possible change in human behaviour may have also affected the acoustic environment.

scholarly journals Geoecological approach to the design of recreational areas in large cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 06012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Matveevskaya ◽  
Victoria Pogodina ◽  
Marina Ermolina
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
The State ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The City

Life in big cities exacerbates a person's desire to be more often in the bosom of nature, enjoy the peace and beauty of landscapes. The administration of megacities is concerned about the problems of preserving the natural environment and creating within the city limits a network of recreational areas where recreational activities can be organized. In each region, this type of recreation is organized in accordance with the laws adopted in the state. According to geoecologists, the share of recreational areas should be at least 15% of the total area of the city. So for example the total area of such territories in St. Petersburg is only 6 004.4 hectares (which is 4.17% of the total area of the city). Comparison of the urban map of landscapes and located areas for recreation within the city allows concluding about the unequal representation of each landscape. This should be taken into account when designing new protected areas within the city. In the research, an attempt to generalize the theoretical material in the field of environmental and recreational resource studies is done. Also, a detailed description of recreational opportunities for the rational use of individual components of the city's natural environment is presented. The authors conducted a geoecological analysis of the allocation of recreational areas in large cities. Features of nature that should be taken into account when designing recreational areas in large cities, on an example of St. Petersburg, are noted.

scholarly journals No Strength in Numbers: The Failure of Big-City Bills in American State Legislatures, 1880–2000

2013 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERALD GAMM ◽  
THAD KOUSSER
Keyword(s):  
State Legislatures ◽  
The State ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Big City ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
American State

Do big cities exert more power than less populous ones in American state legislatures? In many political systems, greater representation leads to more policy gains, yet for most of the nation's history, urban advocates have argued that big cities face systematic discrimination in statehouses. Drawing on a new historical dataset spanning 120 years and 13 states, we find clear evidence that there is no strength in numbers for big-city delegations in state legislatures. District bills affecting large metropolises fail at much higher rates than bills affecting small cities, counties, and villages. Big cities lose so often because size leads to damaging divisions. We demonstrate that the cities with the largest delegations—which are more likely to be internally divided—are the most frustrated in the legislative process. Demographic differences also matter, with district bills for cities that have many foreign-born residents, compared with the state as a whole, failing at especially high rates.

scholarly journals A note on the acoustic environment in a usually quiet residential area after the ‘state of emergency’ declaration due to COVID-19 pandemic in Japan was lifted: supplementary survey results in post-emergency situations

Noise Mapping ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimihiro Sakagami
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Survey Results

AbstractIn a preceding report (UCL Open: Environment, 2020;1;6), an example of results on changes in the acoustic environment from a local-scale survey in a quiet residential area during and after the ‘state of emergency’ due to COVID-19 pandemic in Japan is presented: the noise level was 1–2 dBA lower during the state of emergency, which is smaller than reported from large cities. This note presents the results of a follow-up survey in the same area to provide some more examples to gain an insight into the acoustic environment in this area. In this note, the measurement results of noise levels in June 2020, a few weeks after the cancellation of the state of emergency, are mainly reported. As the results are almost the same as those from during the state of emergency, we can infer that either the noise level was reduced in June to a level that was almost the same as that during the state of emergency, or the noise level after its cancellation in May was possibly higher than usual. In either case, the change in noise level was small, and it was difficult to conclude which case was true.

scholarly journals The Making of a Totalitarian Surveillance Machine: Surveillance in Turkey Under AKP Rule

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 535-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgun Topak
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
Surveillance Mechanism ◽  
Mass Surveillance ◽  
Emergency Measures ◽  
Coup Attempt

This article examines surveillance initiatives under the AKP rule in Turkey (2002-present). The AKP had first tested and perfected surveillance methods, including wiretapping, internet surveillance and surveillance by collaborator-informant networks, over its key opponents and dissidents to capture the state apparatus and later applied similar methods to govern the entire society. In the aftermath of the 2013 Gezi protests, surveillance began to have a mass character, even though targeted surveillance practices continued. Fearful of another popular public revolt, the AKP established a mass surveillance mechanism and empowered it by new amendments to security and communication laws, to pre-empt and suppress public dissent. The recent state of emergency measures following the failed coup attempt in July 2016 represented a further drift towards totalitarian surveillance. The personal liberties were suspended and the state of exception became a permanent condition.

scholarly journals How did "state of emergency" declaration in Japan due to the COVID-19 pandemic affect the acoustic environment in a rather quiet residential area?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimihiro Sakagami
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
City Centres

The COVID-19 pandemic caused lockdown in many countries. Acousticians made surveys to monitor how cities became quieter under the lockdown, mainly in the central areas of cities. However, there have been few studies on changes in the acoustic environment due to the pandemic in rather quieter residential areas. It may be expected to be different from the effect in originally noisy areas. Also, the effect could be different in Japan, because the "state of emergency" declaration there was different to lockdown. Considering these circumstances, this paper reports the results of noise monitoring and makes some observations on the acoustic environment in residential areas remote from city centres, to provide an example of how the acoustic environment was affected by the "state of emergency" declaration due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The results showed that the reduction of noise levels was somewhat smaller than that reported in large cities. Also, comparing the results after the cancellation of the "state of emergency", the noise level increased again. However, observations of noise sources imply that a possible change in human behaviour may have also affected the acoustic environment.

China's Hukou Reform: New Guidelines and Implications

2014 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Litao ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
The State ◽  
State Council ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Tiered Approach ◽  
New Type ◽  
Hukou Reform ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
Mega Cities

China released the National New-Type Urbanisation Plan (2014-2020) and the State Council Opinion on Hukou Reform in 2014. The new leadership adopts a tiered approach to hukou conversion, ranging from full liberalisation in towns and small cities to strict control in mega cities. China is highly likely to meet the target of 100 million more urban hukou population by 2020. A big challenge is the integration of migrant workers in large cities.

scholarly journals How did "state of emergency" declaration in Japan due to the COVID-19 pandemic affect the acoustic environment in a rather quiet residential area?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimihiro Sakagami
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
City Centres

The COVID-19 pandemic caused lockdown in many countries. Acousticians made surveys to monitor how cities became quieter under the lockdown, mainly in the central areas of cities. However, there have been few studies on changes in the acoustic environment due to the pandemic in rather quieter residential areas. It may be expected to be different from the effect in originally noisy areas. Also, the effect could be different in Japan, because the "state of emergency" declaration there was different to lockdown. Considering these circumstances, this paper reports the results of noise monitoring and makes some observations on the acoustic environment in residential areas remote from city centres, to provide an example of how the acoustic environment was affected by the "state of emergency" declaration due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The results showed that the reduction of noise levels was somewhat smaller than that reported in large cities. Also, comparing the results after the cancellation of the "state of emergency", the noise level increased again. However, observations of noise sources imply that a possible change in human behaviour may have also affected the acoustic environment.

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