scholarly journals The Making of a Totalitarian Surveillance Machine: Surveillance in Turkey Under AKP Rule

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 535-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgun Topak
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
Surveillance Mechanism ◽  
Mass Surveillance ◽  
Emergency Measures ◽  
Coup Attempt

This article examines surveillance initiatives under the AKP rule in Turkey (2002-present). The AKP had first tested and perfected surveillance methods, including wiretapping, internet surveillance and surveillance by collaborator-informant networks, over its key opponents and dissidents to capture the state apparatus and later applied similar methods to govern the entire society. In the aftermath of the 2013 Gezi protests, surveillance began to have a mass character, even though targeted surveillance practices continued. Fearful of another popular public revolt, the AKP established a mass surveillance mechanism and empowered it by new amendments to security and communication laws, to pre-empt and suppress public dissent. The recent state of emergency measures following the failed coup attempt in July 2016 represented a further drift towards totalitarian surveillance. The personal liberties were suspended and the state of exception became a permanent condition.

State of emergency in Poland: constitutional regulation and “hybrid” nature during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-67
Author(s):  
Valentina Chekharina
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Hybrid State ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
Constitutional Tribunal ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Emergency Measures

The COVID-19 pandemic became widespread across the world throughout 2020 and 2021 in an emergency that gravely impacted the health and lives of people around the world. States have taken exceptional measures to combat the pandemic, including controversial decisions to introduce emergency regimes, which have been questioned in regards to their compliance with constitutional regulations. The fight against the COVID-19 pandemic requires special measures, however they must remain within the constitutional framework. Consequently, the pandemic and its effect upon the legality of regimes in a state of emergency has captured the attention of legal scholars. The aim of this study is to analyse the constitutional regulation of the state of emergency in the Republic of Poland which was introduced in the country during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Poland, an emergency regime was introduced following an order by the Minister of Health. However the state of emergency (here, natural disaster) as stated by the Constitution was not introduced, although, according to analysts, some state bodies and officials had confirmed that all the necessary conditions for this were met. On 2 March 2020, the so-called Special Law on Coronavirus was adopted, followed by other regulations to fight the pandemic. These analysts stated that the measures introduced by the new acts corresponded to a legal regime containing the constitutional characteristics of a state of emergency, but lacked the appropriate constitutional procedure for their introduction. Presidential elections were held at this time, however legally they cannot be held during a state of emergency, as it indicates the presence of political interests in the choice of the regime. The unconstitutional procedure of the introduction of emergency measures alongside their characteristics of the state of emergency make it possible to consider the epidemic regime introduced in Poland a “hybrid” state of emergency, which is not detailed by the Constitution or legislation. On this basis, the study concludes that reasons behind the unconstitutional response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland can be found in both the Constitution, and in the manifestations of the crisis of the constitutional and legal system, which began with the reform of Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal by the ruling Law and Justice party in 2015.

TOURISM INDUSTRY OF PLOVDIV IN THE CONDITIONS OF EMERGENCY MEASURES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatka Grigorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Current Economic Situation ◽  
Potential Customers ◽  
Emergency Measures ◽  
Innovative Approaches

The report summarizes information on the state of the tourism business in Plovdiv after the introduction of Covid-19 restrictive emergency measures, as well as the expectations for the development of tourism in the coming months based on an online survey at the end of April 2020. The report outlines the overall state of the industry as well as the difficulties it faces and the efforts it made to retain employment and towards recovery. The adaptability of the business in the current economic situation and the search for new innovative approaches to attract and welcome tourists are highlighted, in order to reach more potential customers after the end of the state of emergency.

Sovereign Exception, Destructive Exception

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Willy Thayer
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Rule Making

This chapter discusses Walter Benjamin's “Theses on the Philosophy of History,” which refers to a regime of sovereign representation where the state of emergency is the rule. It explains the paradigm of sovereignty that is constituted teleologically from exception, as the foundation and conservation of representational regimes. For Benjamin, the state of emergency is equivalent to “progress as a historical norm.” The chapter also looks at the commissary-sovereign state of exception that is functional to a policing critique and a politics whose prerogative is to put the regimes of representation into crisis. It analyzes a prerogative that subsumes the destructive character of the exception within a dialectical concentration of the rule, making the spectrality of destruction a function of the system of representation.

scholarly journals Network Society, Network-centric Warfare and the State of Emergency

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
The State ◽  
Network Society ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Network Attack ◽  
Biopolitical Power ◽  
Strategic Logic

This article describes the new strategic discourse of network-centric warfare that has come to dominate US operational doctrines and concepts as well as strategic thinking. It also describes 11th September as a network attack. The state of exception becomes the rule via the confluence of geopolitical with biopolitical power and the strategic logic of network-centric thinking, and with it the problematization of security goes hyperbolic in the form of `The Terror'.

scholarly journals Pandemic Police States

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Coyne ◽  
Yuliya Yatsyshina
Keyword(s):  
Free Association ◽  
The State ◽  
Peace Studies ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Police Powers ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The World ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Emergency Measures ◽  
At Home

AbstractThe COVID-19 outbreak prompted governments around the world to employ a range of emergency methods to combat the pandemic. In many countries these emergency measures relied heavily on police powers, which refer to the capacity of governments to forcefully regulate behavior and impose order as defined by those in control of the state apparatus. Throughout the world police powers have been used to limit free association through government-imposed stay-at-home orders, impose social distancing rules, close non-essential businesses, and impose lockdowns. State orders have been enforced through various forms of direct monitoring, indirect surveillance, and in some instances, violence. We discuss the theoretical foundations of the troubling aspects of pandemic police states. We then catalog some pandemic police state activities associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude with the implications for peace studies.

scholarly journals Democracy, expertise and loyalty: Spoils systems or experts’ oligarchy

2019 ◽  
pp. 551-561
Author(s):  
Dragan Stanar
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Developing Democracies ◽  
The Core ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
The Will ◽  
Democratic Systems

Virtue of loyalty represents one of the core virtues in democratic systems, as it enables the will of citizens to be implemented via decisions of elected government. Expertise represents a necessary attribute of every successful state apparatus, and it is an inevitable ingredient of all progress. This paper aims to explain the dynamic relationship between expertise and loyalty of non-elected personnel in democratic societies, with the focus on developing democracies, like the Serbian democracy. Neglection of loyalty to the legitimately elected government in favor of expertise undermines the core principles of democracy and drives a society into a sort of ?expert oligarchy?, in which there is no equality, and the will of the majority is ignored by the expert elite. On the other hand, neglection of expertise of appointed personnel in favor of their loyalty, as seen in the so-called spoils systems, is a recipe for a disaster and erosion of the entire society, as it places the state in the hands of ignorant laymen who can only offer unlimited loyalty. It is necessary to establish a minimum of expertise and loyalty of appointed, non-elected, personnel in democracies in order to create optimal conditions for progress. Inability to respect the principle of minimal expertise when appointing personnel in state apparatus suggests faulty policy and unfoundedness of policy of legitimately elected government.

scholarly journals Stan wyjątkowy w perspektywie filozofii prawa. Próba definicji

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Weronika Adamska
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Character State ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Normative Fact ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Hybrid Character ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Do So

The aim of this paper is to propose a definition of the state of exception within the framework of the philosophy of law. The nature of the state of exception is both a legal and a political one. For this reason, it is a subject of inquiry in various disciplines. As a consequence of its hybrid character, state of exception is hard to define, which leads to definitional scepticism. As a criterial definition is impossible to reach, I believe that it should be replaced with a paradigmatic one. Such a definition should take into account the acquis of, among others, philosophy, history or political science, so that it may apply to different methodological approaches. In order to do so, I present the main definitional groups (state of exception as a normative fact, as a constitutional dictatorship, as a political fact, and as a legal void). Next, using the criteria that are common to all those definitions, I propose and analyse three constitutive elements of the state of emergency: a crisis, a suspension of ordinary laws, and a temporary character of this suspension. The definition I propose can help to assess whether a given state is a form of a state of exception. This is of a particular relevance as emergency laws are nowadays widely discussed in the context of terrorist threats.

scholarly journals Impact of lockdown on the training process and ranking in taekwondo itf competitions during a pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4s) ◽  
pp. 90-100
Author(s):  
Silvia Ilieva-Sinigerova
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
The State ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Sports Industry ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
Emergency Measures

The last year of the global COVID-19 pandemic has provoked unprecedented countermeasures in all sectors of the economy, including individual, group, institutional and industrial. The sports industry suddenly stopped all events. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the introduced emergency measures in Bulgaria on the training process and the performance of taekwondo ITF athletes in the discipline “pattern” of the state online championship in 2020. The study was conducted in the period 27/04-10/05/2020 and involved 79 athletes, profiled as representatives of large cities (Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna) – 27.8% and 72.2% – of small cities. The division was provoked by the various measures that were imposed during the state of emergency. The survey was conducted through an Internet-based questionnaire, which contains 23 items related to the training process during the state of emergency, as well as the ranking of the competitors in the online championship. The analysis made were the following: alternative analysis (to establish the relative shares of different responses in the questionnaires), comparative analysis (U – criteria of Mann Whitney), Varimax factor analysis and Hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s method). Statistically significant differences was found in the conducted training for equipment, in which in the big cities 4 – 5 times a week the athletes did not train, while in the small ones – 3.5%. The largest number of trainees conducted 1 – 2 training sessions a week. In the big cities it ranked second 3 times a week, while in the small cities – I have not trained. It was noteworthy that the representatives of the big cities evaluate the sharing of video trainings positively, while in the small cities they were hesitant in their opinion and the competitors indicate different evaluations. The key individual work of the coach with the medalists in both types of settlements stood out. There was a small number of trainings for medalists, which were systematized and focused. In 5th-8th place, a larger number of trainings was established, but the assistance from the coach was missing. There was a lack of motivation in not medalist athletes.

scholarly journals Intervenciones Artísticas: Estado de Excepción en México

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Pablo Estévez
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The State ◽  
Carl Schmitt ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
States Of Emergency ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
The Social

The movement of Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico began in 1994, succeeding in generating a change in Mexican society by valuing indigenous liberation practices. However, a state of emergency is instituted in Zapatista territories according to laws that grant amnesty and regulate the legal vacuum. Certain Mexican artists such as Erick Beltrán, Gabriel Kuri, Abraham Cruzvillegas and Pablo Kubli, contribute critical reflections with works sustained in the context of pure violence of the State. The theoretical framework is constrained by the theories of Carl Schmitt, Walter Benjamin, Giorgio Agamben and Achille Mbembe, who contribute to the understanding of the state of exception that the State implements by modifying sovereignty and Human Rights. The method used in the article corresponds to the reception of literary texts. The artistic pieces that are integrated by Pablo Kubli represent the interdisciplinary contribution of the social sciences and the practice of art, with images, schemes and interventions that are argumentative reflections of the environment of globalized violence, and of social resistance to the paradigm of modification of autonomy in intervened regions. In addition, a comparative approach with states of emergency of globalized countries is proposed according to the events of September 11, 2001 in New York and March 11, 2004 in Madrid, among others. Starting from the Mexican experience and from global countries, the term of sovereignty is modified by the violence of the State over territories cut off by the permanence of the state of exception and restrictions on constitutional guarantees.

The ‘State of Emergency’ or the ‘State of Exception’? Bahrain and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-454
Author(s):  
Sanaa Alsarghali
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
State Of Emergency

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness across the globe of how constitutions respond to crisis. Typically, countries, and their constitutions, have provisions that enable governments to respond to these crises rapidly through forms of exceptional powers which suspend usual constitutional norms. These powers are often invoked after declaring a ‘state of emergency’, a constitutional clause that has strict stipulations and requirements. Certain regimes, however, have been known to abuse these exceptional powers and to use them in times of normalcy (non-crisis). This paper examines how Bahrain has used exceptional measures to confront COVID-19, within the context of its past use of such powers, and suggests that Bahrain is not in a state of emergency, but is now operating in what Giorgio Agamben has labelled ‘a state of exception’.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document