Classification of Cattle and Small Ruminant Production Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Otte ◽  
Pius Chilonda
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Smallholder Dairy ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Mixed Systems ◽  
Livestock Development

This paper presents a classification of cattle and small ruminant production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A review of literature has shown that there can be as many classifications of livestock systems as there are criteria to classify them, hence the need for a systematic classification to aid the analysis of livestock development in SSA. Agroecological zones principally determine cattle and small ruminant production systems in SSA. A classification of cattle and small ruminant systems is presented based on the length of growing period, rainfall, cropping and mean temperature during the growing period. The main traditional ruminant production systems are grassland-based (pastoral) systems, occurring mainly in areas with less than 90 days of plant-growing period, and mixed production systems occurring in areas with more than 90 days of plant growing. Mixed systems can be further differentiated on the basis of temperature during the growing period, into lowland mixed systems (semi-arid mixed, subhumid mixed and humid mixed) and highland mixed systems (highland mixed and smallholder dairy system, which is a non-traditional system). The non-traditional ruminant production systems are ranching and smallholder dairy systems. The authors conclude that, although a further categorization of livestock systems at individual country level may be produced, the classification presented here could be a basis for the analysis of livestock production in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in livestock development analyses in which the individual livestock system is the unit of analysis.

THE PARADOX OF LIMITED MAIZE STOVER USE IN INDIA'S SMALLHOLDER CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLAF ERENSTEIN ◽  
ARINDAM SAMADDAR ◽  
NILS TEUFEL ◽  
MICHAEL BLÜMMEL
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Development Agents ◽  
Cereal Residues ◽  
Livestock Systems

SUMMARYCereal residues are an important feed source for ruminants in smallholder crop-livestock systems in the (sub)tropics. In many areas of India maize is a relatively new cash crop where farmers and development agents alike generally perceive maize stover to have limited utility, in contrast with the intensive feeding of other cereal residues in India and the intensive use of maize stover in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. A comparative assessment of maize stover quality (based on a brief review and a feeding trial) indeed confirms its potential as a ruminant feed according to its relative nutritive value. The paper then explores the apparent paradox through a scoping study of maize stover use (based on village surveys) in three contrasting maize-growing districts in India – including both traditional and non-traditional maize producers. The limited maize stover use appears to alleviate seasonal shortages, with tradition and technology helping explain the preferential use of other cereal residues. The paper thereby provides further impetus to India's apparent food-feed paradigm – whereby farmers’ staple food preferences coincide with crop residue feed preferences. The paper argues the case for investing in maize stover R&D in India and thus reigniting earlier feed research in general. Indeed, maize stover use is a relatively neglected area by India's agricultural R&D and merits more attention so as to exploit its potential contribution and alleviate eventual tradeoffs.

Assessing and managing intensification in smallholder dairy systems for food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2257-2267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mizeck G. G. Chagunda ◽  
Agnes Mwangwela ◽  
Chisoni Mumba ◽  
Filomena Dos Anjos ◽  
Bettie S. Kawonga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Food And Nutrition Security ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Smallholder Dairy ◽  
Dairy Systems ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of deaths related to surgical emergencies in Sub-Saharan Africa: case of Parakou, Benin

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Alexandre S. Allode ◽  
Adrien M. Hodonou ◽  
Bio Tamou-Sambo ◽  
Morel D. Seto
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Clinical Classification ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Admission Time ◽  
Generalized Peritonitis ◽  
Surgical Emergencies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: Emergency and resuscitation departments, often on the front lines of the hospital care system, are sadly the site of many deaths. Author aim to study the epidemiological characteristics of deaths related to surgical emergencies at Parakou Teaching Hospital in Benin.Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive study covering 6 months from January 1st to June 31st 2016. It focused on patients admitted to the emergency department and hospitalized in general surgery or resuscitation department during the study period. Three criteria were defined: admission for a surgical emergency, clinical classification of emergency patients (known as CCMU: Classification Clinique des Malades aux Urgences) between 1 and 5 and evolution marked by death.Results: A total of 54 deaths were recorded out of 379 surgical emergencies (14.2%). The sex-ratio was 2.2. The average age was 31±18.8 years old. The average admission time was 75.7±95.2 hours. The CCMU 4 and 5 were the most numerous (77. 7%). Traumatic emergencies were the most likely cause of death (56.6%), with cranio-encephalic trauma being the leading cause (38.9%). for non-traumatic emergencies (44.4%), acute generalized peritonitis is the leading cause of death (18.5%). The average time to surgical management was 87.4 hours, mainly related to the indigence of patients.Conclusions: The reduction of deaths related to surgical emergencies requires the adapted equipment of the different services involved in the care, the continuous training of staff and the creation of a health insurance.

scholarly journals Expropriations of Foreign Property and Political Alliances: A Business Historical Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
MARCELO BUCHELI ◽  
STEPHANIE DECKER
Keyword(s):  
Science Studies ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Alliances ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ruling Party

This paper proposes a classification of government expropriations of foreign property based on the types of alliances sought out by governments in their quest for support for those actions. Based on a review of historical literature and social science studies of expropriations in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America in the twentieth century, we define three types of alliances: with organized labor, with domestic business owners, or with sections of the civil service or the ruling party. We posit that each sector allying itself with the government expects rewards from the expropriation. We maintain that the type of alliance is determined by several factors, in particular, the longevity and legitimacy of the nation-state of the expropriating country, the strength of organized labor, and the political participation and strength of the domestic business sector. Our framework complements existing studies explaining when and why expropriations take place.

A contribution to the concept and the classification of the bioclimatic unit in Sub-Saharan Africa

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 713-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. V Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Vegetation Physiognomy

A bioclimatic unit is an integration of climatic factors (e.g. radiation, humidity complexes) and features modified by physiography and vegetation (biotic communities and associated habitats, i.e. wherever possible, ecosystems). Unit implies an entity irrespective of ecological status and dimensions: these are otherwise differentiated. It often must suffice to use vegetation communities, because information regarding biotic communities or ecosystems is unavailable. Increasingly, disturbance of ‘natural’ conditions makes it imperative to involve man in the classification, demarcation and policy for the development of bioclimatic units. Ignorance regarding the nature and distribution of a climax necessitates using pro- (pre- or post-) climaxes.This is based upon the differentiation in these criteria: climatic (radiation and humidity complexes); vegetation (physiognomy and ecological status) . . . and as these are further modified by physiography and edaphic features (physiognomic differentiation ranges from specific faciations of forest or thicket); wooded savanna (facies ofwoodland, shrubland); facies or faciations of grassland; climatic differentiation ranges from highly humid toarid . . . and further to subdesert and desert. Recommendations respecting policy and practice in pastoral, crop production and forestry development based on this concept have been used in various sectors of Africa. South East Asia and Latin America. Detailed experience has been gained in Natal and elsewhere. Several maps illustrate the application of the concept.

scholarly journals Climate change adaptation and mitigation in smallholder crop–livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa: a call for integrated impact assessments

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2331-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrien Descheemaeker ◽  
Simon J. Oosting ◽  
Sabine Homann-Kee Tui ◽  
Patricia Masikati ◽  
Gatien N. Falconnier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

scholarly journals Conservation Agriculture in mixed crop–livestock systems: Scoping crop residue trade-offs in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

2012 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Valbuena ◽  
Olaf Erenstein ◽  
Sabine Homann-Kee Tui ◽  
Tahirou Abdoulaye ◽  
Lieven Claessens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mixed Crop ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems

Integrated crop-livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa: an option or an imperative?

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Smith ◽  
A. Naazie ◽  
A. Larbi ◽  
K. Agyemang ◽  
S. Tarawali
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Competition For Resources

Rapid growth of the human and livestock populations in sub-Saharan Africa is creating unprecedented increases in food and feed demands. These population pressures on a fixed landbase are likely to promote severe competition for resources and drive agriculture progressively towards intensification. Integrated crop-livestock systems, already common in the highlands, are expected to evolve rapidly elsewhere. Research is required to develop technological alternatives which promote better resource use through synergies from crop-livestock integration. Maintenance of soil fertility and provision of livestock feeds appear to be the main areas of reciprocal benefits, while animal traction may be an option for increasing land and labour productivity. In this paper we assess the challenge facing sub-Saharan agriculture and the potential contribution of crop-livestock integrated systems towards agricultural growth and sustainability.

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