scholarly journals EFEITOS DA VEGETAÇÃO NA VARIAÇÃO TÉRMICA DA CIDADE DE CURITIBA, PR

FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Leal ◽  
Daniela Biondi ◽  
Antonio Carlos Batista
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Considerando que a distribuição das florestas urbanas e o zoneamento do uso do solo influenciam o clima local da cidade de Curitiba, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o efeito desses fatores na variação temporal e espacial da temperatura do ar nessa cidade. Os dados de temperatura foram coletados em quatro campanhas em períodos correspondentes às estações do ano em 2011, em 44 pontos de monitoramento em quatro transectos na malha urbana da cidade, por meio de miniabrigos meteorológicos com registradores modelo Hobo®. Nos quatro transectos, foram observadas diferenças térmicas entre os pontos de monitoramento nos períodos analisados. Para a temperatura máxima absoluta, as diferenças foram de até 5,8 ºC no transecto sudoeste-nordeste, e para a temperatura mínima absoluta, de 4,6 ºC no transecto noroeste-sudeste. Mesmo nas estações do ano de mais baixas temperaturas, outono e inverno, foram encontradas diferenças térmicas, relacionadas ao calor antropogênico. As maiores temperaturas foram encontradas nos locais com maior intensidade de ocupação e atividades antrópicas, porém não nas áreas mais verticalizadas, enquanto as menores temperaturas foram encontradas nas regiões com maior quantidade de áreas permeáveis, concentração de remanescentes florestais ou espaços verdes públicos, confirmando a influência da densidade de construção e da presença de vegetação na variação das temperaturas na cidade de Curitiba.Palavras-chave:  Clima urbano; temperatura do ar; florestas urbanas; classes de densidade de ocupação. AbstractEffects of vegetation on thermal intra-urban variation of Curitiba - PR. Whereas the distribution of urban forests and zoning land use influence the climate of Curitiba city, this research aimed to analyze the effect of this factors in temporal and spatial variation of air temperature in this town. Temperature data were collected in four campaigns in periods corresponding to the seasons of the year in 2011, in 44 monitoring points in four transects in the urban mesh by mini-shields meteorological model with Hobo® loggers. In the four transects were found differences between the thermal monitoring points in the analyzed periods. For the absolute maximum temperature, differences were up to 5.8 ºC in the northeast-southwest transect and the absolute minimum temperature of 4.6 ºC in the northeast-southwest transect. Even in seasons of lower temperatures, autumn and winter, thermal differences were related to anthropogenic heat. The highest temperatures were found in the regions with greater intensity of occupation and human activities, however not in the areas with verticalization, while the lowest temperatures were observed in regions with higher permeable areas, concentration of remaining forest and public green spaces. As result, it confirms the influence of building density and the presence of vegetation in the variation of temperature in the city of Curitiba.Keywords: Urban climate; air temperature; urban forestry; class occupation density.

scholarly journals Variabilidade climática para o município de Patos, Paraíba, Brasil

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Hudson Ellen Alencar Menezes ◽  
Raimundo Mainar de Medeiros ◽  
José Lucas Guilherme Santos ◽  
Tiago Silva Lima
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

<p>O trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as variabilidades climáticas no município de Patos – PB, enfocando tais variações como um meio para compreender futuras mudanças. Para realização deste trabalho utilizou-se dados de temperatura máxima do ar, umidade relativa do ar e totais pluviométricos mensais e anuais no período de 1994 a 2012, da Estação Meteorológica do INMET na cidade de Patos. Como resultado pode-se afirmar que a temperatura do ar máxima anual demonstrou grande variação entre o período estudado, a temperatura máxima absoluta foi incrementada de 7% e a temperatura mínima absoluta sofreu uma redução de 10, podendo acarretar vários problemas socioeconômico, bem como, para a saúde humana. A partir dos dados, verifica-se, também, que a umidade relativa do ar está sendo incrementado ao longo da série estudada, fato que pode estar relacionado com o aumento da temperatura e consequentemente com uma maior evaporação das águas. Sobre os totais pluviométricos anuais, nota-se que os valores estão aumentando gradativamente, sendo que esse aumento pode estar relacionado com o aumento da temperatura, que faz com que se tenha uma maior evaporação e consequentemente uma maior precipitação.</p><p align="center"><strong>Climate variability for Patos city, Paraíba state, Brazil</strong><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The study aims to assess climate variability in Patos – PB city, focusing on such variations as a means to understand future changes. For this work we used maximum air temperature data, relative humidity and total monthly and annual rainfall from 1994 to 2012, the INMET Meteorological Station in Patos city. As a result one can be said that the temperature of maximum annual air showed great variation between the study period, the absolute maximum temperature was increased from 7% and the absolute minimum temperature was reduced by 10, which may cause various socio-economic problems as well as to human health. From the data, it appears also that the relative air humidity being incremented along the series studied, which can be related to the temperature rise and consequently with a greater evaporation of water. On the annual rainfall totals, note that the values are gradually increasing, and this increase may be related to the temperature increase, which makes it has a higher evaporation and hence greater rainfall. <strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Contemporary Warming and Daily Values of Temperature (on the Example of Warsaw)

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Urszula Kossowska-Cezak
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Minimum Daily Temperature ◽  
Warming Process

Abstract This paper aims at presenting changes in everyday air temperature values, triggered by the contemporary warming process. The analysis has been based on the mean, maximum, and minimum daily temperature values measured in Warsaw between 1951 – 2003. The mean daily temperature in that period was between −24.6 and 28.4°C, absolute minimum temperature was −30.7°C, absolute maximum temperature amounted to 36.4°C. Calculations indicate that the number of days with mean temperature ≤ −5.0°C (minimum < 0.0°C, maximum < 0.0°C) in the last several years decreased. This trend slowed down at the beginning of 21st century, nevertheless, the number of days with mean daily temperature > 20.0°C and maximum temperature > 25.0°C was growing, particularly in the 1990’s and even more so in early 2000’s. Also since 1990’s, there has been increasingly more nights with minimum temperature > 15.0°C, which has been particularly apparent in 2001. Contemporary warming is then marked with an increasing frequency of the hottest days and decreasing frequency of the coldest days. These changes were asymmetrical beyond 1950’s, yet, in late 1990’s they coincided.

scholarly journals Os fatores geoecológicos, geourbanos e o clima urbano de Iporá-GO: uma análise a partir do Método de Correlação Linear

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Washington Silva Alves ◽  
Zilda De Fátima Mariano
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho consistiu em analisar a influência dos fatores geoecológicos e geourbanos no padrão da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima absoluta em Iporá-GO, por meio do método estatístico de correlação linear. Os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos pautaram-se no sistema clima urbano de Monteiro (2003), com ênfase no subsistema termodinâmico. Os fatores geoecológicos (hipsometria, exposição de vertente, vegetação urbana e hidrografia) e geourbanos (densidade de construção e o uso do solo urbano), foram georreferenciado com auxílio dos softwares ArcGis 9.0, Spring 5.3 e Surfer 9.0. Os dados de temperatura do ar foram coletados entre outubro de 2012 e outubro de 2013, em intervalos de 30 minutos, com termohigrômetros (modelo HT-500) e estações meteorológicas automáticas distribuídos em seis pontos da área urbana e rural de Iporá. Posteriormente, os dados foram organizados em planilhas de cálculos para análise estatística. Os resultados demonstraram que os fatores geoecológicos e geourbanos citados foram decisivos na variação espacial da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima absoluta em Iporá.Palavras-chave: Climatologia, Cidade, Clima Urbano AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the influence of geoecological factors and geourbanos the standard maximum air temperature and absolute minimum in Iporá-GO, by means of statistical methods of correlation linear. The theoretical and methodological foundations guided in the urban climate system Monteiro (2003), with emphasis on thermodynamic subsystem. The geoecological factors (hipsometria, slop exposure, urban and Hydrography vegetation) and geourban (building density and the use of urban land), were georeferenced with the help of software ArcGIS 9.0, Sprint 5.3 and Surfer 9.0. The air temperature data were collected between October 2012 and October 2013, in 30-minute intervals, with hygrometer term (HT-500 model) and automatic weather stations distributed in six points of the urban and rural Iporá. Later, the data were organized into spreadsheets for statistical analysis. The results showed that geoecological mentioned factors and geourbanos were decisive in the spatial variation of the temperature of the air and maximum absolute minimum in Iporá.Keywords: Climatology, City, Urban Climate ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de los factores geoecológicos y geourbanos en el patrón de la temperatura máxima y mínima absoluta del aire en Iporá-GO, a través de lo método estadístico de correlación lineal. Los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos se basan en el sistema de clima urbano de Monteiro (2003), con énfasis en el subsistema termodinámico. Los factores geoecológicos (hipsometría, hebras de exposición, hidrografía y vegetación urbana) y geourbanos (densidad de edificación y uso del suelo urbano) fueron georeferenciados con la ayuda del software ArcGIS 9.0, Spring 5.3 y Surfer 9.0. Los datos de temperatura del aire se recogieron entre octubre 2012 y octubre 2013, en intervalos de 30 minutos, con termohigrômetros (modelo HT-500) y estaciones meteorológicas automáticas distribuidas en seis puntos de las zonas urbanas y rurales. Posteriormente, los datos se organizaron en las hojas de cálculo para el análisis estadístico. Los resultados mostraron que los factores geoecológicos y geourbanos citados fueron decisivos en la variación espacial de la temperatura máxima y mínima absoluta del aire en Iporá.Palavras clave: Climatología, Ciudad, Clima Urbano 

scholarly journals Analyses of the Zagreb Grič observatory air temperatures indices for the period 1881 to 2017

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ognjen Bonacci ◽  
Tanja Roje Bonacci
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Partial Sums ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The paper studies time series of characteristic (minimum, mean, and maximum) daily, monthly, and yearly air temperatures measured at the Zagreb Grič Observatory in the period from 1 Jan. 1881 to 31 Dec. 2017. The following five air temperatures indices (ATI) are analysed: (1) absolute minimum yearly, monthly, and daily; (2) mean yearly, monthly, and daily minimum; (3) average mean yearly, monthly, and daily; (4) mean yearly, monthly, and daily maximum; (5) absolute maximum yearly, monthly, and daily. Methods of Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums (RAPS), regression and correlation analyses, F-tests, and t-tests are used in order to describe changes in air temperature regimes over 137 years. Using the RAPS method the five analysed yearly ATI time series durations of 137 years were divided into two sub-periods. The analyses made in this paper showed that warming of minimum air temperatures started in 1970, mean air temperatures in 1988, and maximum air temperatures in 1998. Results of t-tests show an extreme statistically significant jump in the average air-temperature values in the second (recent time) sub-periods. Results of the t-tests of monthly temperatures show statistically significant differences between practically all five pairs (except in two cases) of analysed monthly ATI subseries for the period from January to August. From September to December the differences for most of pairs (except in six cases) of the analysed monthly ATI subseries are not statistically significant. It can be concluded that the urban heat island influenced the increase in recent temperatures more strongly than global warming. It seems that urbanisation firstly and chiefly influenced the minimum temperatures, as well as that Zagreb’s urbanisation had a bigger impact on minimum temperatures than on maximums. Increasing trend in time series of maximum temperatures started 20 years later.

Effect of Surface Ellipticity on Dynamically Loaded Cylindrical Bearings

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Goenka ◽  
J. F. Booker
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Element Formulation ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Minimum Film Thickness ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Specific Duty

The finite element formulation for regular cylindrical bearings is extended to include irregular (noncylindrical) bearing surfaces. The optimum bearing shape is sought for a specific duty cycle with a constant load and sinusoidal angular displacement. The optimization is done with a view to maximizing the minimum film thickness. For the purpose of optimization a one-dimensional cylindrical bearing is considered. The optimum among all elliptical shapes is found to combine a specifically elliptical sleeve and a perfectly circular journal. For this optimum noncylindrical bearing the absolute minimum film thickness is about a factor of 36 higher than that for the corresponding regular bearing. The absolute maximum pressure for the optimum bearing is about a factor of 5 lower than that for the regular bearing.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Urban Canopy Scheme TERRA_URB in the COSMO Model for Selected European Cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Garbero ◽  
Massimo Milelli ◽  
Francesca Bassani ◽  
Edoardo Bucchignani ◽  
Paola Mercogliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Urban Canopy ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Cosmo Model ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat Flux

&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, cities are the preferred location for more than half of the human population and the places where major human-perceived climate change impacts occur. In an increasingly urbanized world, it is essential to represent such areas adequately in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, not only to correctly forecast air temperature, but also the human heat stress and the micro-climate phenomena induced by the cities. Among them, the best known is the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which refers to the significantly higher temperatures experienced by a metropolitan area than its rural surroundings. Currently, the COSMO model employs a zero-order urban description, which is unable to correctly reproduce the UHI effect: cities are simply represented as natural lands with increased surface roughness length and reduced vegetation cover. However, the reproduction of the urban climate features in NWP and regional climate models is possible with the use of the so-called urban canopy models, that are able to parameterize the interaction between the urbanized surface and the overlying atmosphere. In this context, a new bulk parameterization scheme, TERRA_URB (TU), has been developed within the COSMO Consortium. TU offers an intrinsic representation of urban physics: the effect of buildings, streets and other man-made layers on the surface-atmosphere interaction is described by parameterizing the impervious water balance, translating the 3D urban-canopy parameters into bulk parameters with the Semi-empirical Urban canopy parameterization (SURY) and using the externally calculated anthropogenic heat flux as additional heat source. In this work, we present high-resolution simulations with the TU scheme, for different European cities, Turin, Naples and Moscow. An in-depth evaluation and verification of the performances of the recent COSMO version with TU scheme and new implemented physical parameterizations, such the ICON-like surface-layer turbulence scheme and the new formulation of the surface temperature, have been carried out. The validation concerned the 2-meter temperature and was performed for 1- or 2-week selected periods over the 3 European cities characterized by different environment and climate, namely the Moscow megacity in Russia and Turin and Naples in Italy. Even if the three domains are morphologically different, the results follow a common behavior. In particular, the activation of TERRA_URB provides a substantial improvement in capturing the UHI intensity and improving air temperature forecasts in urban areas. Potential benefits in the model performance also arise from a new turbulence scheme and the representation of skin-layer temperature (for vegetation). Our model framework provides promising perspectives for enhancing urban climate modelling, although further investigations are needed.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Dynamics of resource allocation in biological systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imadol V Jeff-Eke
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Working Model ◽  
Claude Bernard ◽  
The Absolute

Here we present a single working model that attempts at reconciliation of biological systems. To do this we recognize and emphasize a universal theme of all biological systems: a need for resources. That is, we consider the dynamics of resource allocation as a requirement for actuation of responses to stimuli. In addition, all contemplations are founded on four postulates that are motivated by the homeostatic principle as conceived of by Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon: biological systems exhaust attempts to prevent from reaching the absolute maximum failure potential; biological systems tend in the direction toward the absolute minimum failure potential; biological systems attempt to assume the failure potential of an ideal regulator system; and all biological systems attempt to be in agreement with all four postulates. Finally, we attempt to determine biological manifestations of the stated model.

scholarly journals Assessment of climatic trend of air temperature at the earth surface in the context of stable development (case of Gyumri city)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Correlation Relationship ◽  
Climatic Trend ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Stable Development

Formulation of the problem. The study and assessment of air temperature fluctuations, especially in conditions of expected climate change, is of particular relevance and haste. At the same time, the assessment of temporary changes in air temperature is important as a guarantee of stable development and a long-term economic development. The purpose of the article. The purpose of this work is to find out, analyze and evaluate the patterns of the dynamic changes in air temperature in Gyumri city. To solve this problem, the results of actual observations of the air temperature of the Gyumri weather station, stored at the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Armenia «Service for Hydrometeorology and active influence on atmospheric phenomena» have been collected, refined and analyzed. Methods. In the course of research we analyzed and clarified appropriate literary sources, using mathematical-statistical, extrapolation, complex, analyze and correlation methods. Results. A multifactorial correlation relationship was obtained between the average annual air temperature and its absolute maximum and minimum values of Gyumri city. A close correlation was also obtained between the average annual air temperature and its absolute maximum and minimum values of Gyumri city, between the average annual and extreme values of the surface air temperature and the absolute maximum and minimum values of the soil surface of Gyumri city. This makes it possible to calculate the value of any temperature characteristic, while having the other one. Note that in winter the average air temperature values do not differ much from the average soil surface temperature values. This difference grows and reaches its maximum in summer (July – August). As a result of the research, it turned out that according to the actual data on the air temperature in Gyumri city, there was a tendency for the average annual values and absolute maximum of the air temperature to rise, while the absolute minimum values showed a downward trend (in the absolute sense). That is, in the study area in the warm season, an increase in aridity is expected on climate drainage, and in the cold season – a softening. In the work we tried to define the monthly average values of air temperature in Gyumri in 2030, 2070, 2100, using the extrapolation method. The result shows that if the changing process continues, the annual average values of air temperature will increase with comparison to current normal: in 2030 – 0.09 ºC (1.37 %), in 2050 – 0.27 ºC (4.12 %), in 2070 – 0.48 ºC (7.32 %), in 2100 – 0.85 ºC (13 %). This pattern is also characteristic of other regions of the republic. Therefore, it is necessary to implement integrated measures to adapt to the effects of air temperature changes and take this into account when working out programs for social, environmental and economic development.

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