scholarly journals Variabilidade climática para o município de Patos, Paraíba, Brasil

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Hudson Ellen Alencar Menezes ◽  
Raimundo Mainar de Medeiros ◽  
José Lucas Guilherme Santos ◽  
Tiago Silva Lima
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

<p>O trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as variabilidades climáticas no município de Patos – PB, enfocando tais variações como um meio para compreender futuras mudanças. Para realização deste trabalho utilizou-se dados de temperatura máxima do ar, umidade relativa do ar e totais pluviométricos mensais e anuais no período de 1994 a 2012, da Estação Meteorológica do INMET na cidade de Patos. Como resultado pode-se afirmar que a temperatura do ar máxima anual demonstrou grande variação entre o período estudado, a temperatura máxima absoluta foi incrementada de 7% e a temperatura mínima absoluta sofreu uma redução de 10, podendo acarretar vários problemas socioeconômico, bem como, para a saúde humana. A partir dos dados, verifica-se, também, que a umidade relativa do ar está sendo incrementado ao longo da série estudada, fato que pode estar relacionado com o aumento da temperatura e consequentemente com uma maior evaporação das águas. Sobre os totais pluviométricos anuais, nota-se que os valores estão aumentando gradativamente, sendo que esse aumento pode estar relacionado com o aumento da temperatura, que faz com que se tenha uma maior evaporação e consequentemente uma maior precipitação.</p><p align="center"><strong>Climate variability for Patos city, Paraíba state, Brazil</strong><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The study aims to assess climate variability in Patos – PB city, focusing on such variations as a means to understand future changes. For this work we used maximum air temperature data, relative humidity and total monthly and annual rainfall from 1994 to 2012, the INMET Meteorological Station in Patos city. As a result one can be said that the temperature of maximum annual air showed great variation between the study period, the absolute maximum temperature was increased from 7% and the absolute minimum temperature was reduced by 10, which may cause various socio-economic problems as well as to human health. From the data, it appears also that the relative air humidity being incremented along the series studied, which can be related to the temperature rise and consequently with a greater evaporation of water. On the annual rainfall totals, note that the values are gradually increasing, and this increase may be related to the temperature increase, which makes it has a higher evaporation and hence greater rainfall. <strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals EFEITOS DA VEGETAÇÃO NA VARIAÇÃO TÉRMICA DA CIDADE DE CURITIBA, PR

FLORESTA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Leal ◽  
Daniela Biondi ◽  
Antonio Carlos Batista
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Considerando que a distribuição das florestas urbanas e o zoneamento do uso do solo influenciam o clima local da cidade de Curitiba, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o efeito desses fatores na variação temporal e espacial da temperatura do ar nessa cidade. Os dados de temperatura foram coletados em quatro campanhas em períodos correspondentes às estações do ano em 2011, em 44 pontos de monitoramento em quatro transectos na malha urbana da cidade, por meio de miniabrigos meteorológicos com registradores modelo Hobo®. Nos quatro transectos, foram observadas diferenças térmicas entre os pontos de monitoramento nos períodos analisados. Para a temperatura máxima absoluta, as diferenças foram de até 5,8 ºC no transecto sudoeste-nordeste, e para a temperatura mínima absoluta, de 4,6 ºC no transecto noroeste-sudeste. Mesmo nas estações do ano de mais baixas temperaturas, outono e inverno, foram encontradas diferenças térmicas, relacionadas ao calor antropogênico. As maiores temperaturas foram encontradas nos locais com maior intensidade de ocupação e atividades antrópicas, porém não nas áreas mais verticalizadas, enquanto as menores temperaturas foram encontradas nas regiões com maior quantidade de áreas permeáveis, concentração de remanescentes florestais ou espaços verdes públicos, confirmando a influência da densidade de construção e da presença de vegetação na variação das temperaturas na cidade de Curitiba.Palavras-chave:  Clima urbano; temperatura do ar; florestas urbanas; classes de densidade de ocupação. AbstractEffects of vegetation on thermal intra-urban variation of Curitiba - PR. Whereas the distribution of urban forests and zoning land use influence the climate of Curitiba city, this research aimed to analyze the effect of this factors in temporal and spatial variation of air temperature in this town. Temperature data were collected in four campaigns in periods corresponding to the seasons of the year in 2011, in 44 monitoring points in four transects in the urban mesh by mini-shields meteorological model with Hobo® loggers. In the four transects were found differences between the thermal monitoring points in the analyzed periods. For the absolute maximum temperature, differences were up to 5.8 ºC in the northeast-southwest transect and the absolute minimum temperature of 4.6 ºC in the northeast-southwest transect. Even in seasons of lower temperatures, autumn and winter, thermal differences were related to anthropogenic heat. The highest temperatures were found in the regions with greater intensity of occupation and human activities, however not in the areas with verticalization, while the lowest temperatures were observed in regions with higher permeable areas, concentration of remaining forest and public green spaces. As result, it confirms the influence of building density and the presence of vegetation in the variation of temperature in the city of Curitiba.Keywords: Urban climate; air temperature; urban forestry; class occupation density.

scholarly journals An analysis of grass (Poaceae) pollen seasons in Lublin in 2001-2008

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Grass Pollen ◽  
Pollen Season ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Pollen Allergy ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Maximum Wind ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
Pollen Seasons

Grass pollen allergens are a frequent cause of pollen allergy in Poland and other European countries. The research on aeroplankton conducted in Lublin since 2001 allows characterization of the course of grass pollen seasons and estimation of the effect of maximum and minimum temperatures, relative air humidity, precipitation and maximum wind velocity on the taxon's pollen concentration. The gravimetric method was used in the study. During the eight-year research period, the pollen season usually started in the first or second decade of May and, as a rule, it lasted till the end of August, and quite exceptionally, in 2002 and 2008 till mid-August. The mean length of the pollen season was 107 days. The highest grass pollen risk was observed in the 26<sup>th</sup> and 27<sup>th</sup> week. The highest annual counts reaching over 3600 pollen grains × cm<sup>-2</sup> were noted in 2008, while in the other study years they ranged from 741 to 1909. The date of the pollen season onset and its course were highly dependent on weather conditions, which was confirmed by the statistical analysis. The greatest significant influence on the pollen season was exerted by maximum temperature, relative air humidity and the maximum wind.

scholarly journals Rainfall Variability across the Agro-Climatic Zones of a Tropical Highland: The Case of the Jema Watershed, Northwestern Ethiopia

Environments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taye ◽  
Simane ◽  
Zaitchik ◽  
Selassie ◽  
Setegn
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Arithmetic Functions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Climate Indicators

The objective of the study was to analyze the variability of various climate indicators across the agro-climatic zones (ACZs) of the Jema watershed. The variability was analyzed considering mean annual rainfall (MARF, mm), mean daily minimum temperature (MDMinT, °C), and mean daily maximum temperature (MDMaxT, °C). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test whether group mean differences exist in the values of the indicated climatic indicators among the ACZs of the watershed. The coefficient of variation was computed to analyze the degree of climate variability among the ACZs. Rainfall and temperature data sets from 1983 to 2017 were obtained from nearby meteorological stations. The effect of climate variability in the farming system was assessed with reference to local farmers’ experience. Ultimately, the values of the stated indicators of exposure to climate variability were indexed (standardized) in order to run arithmetic functions. The MARF decreases towards sub-alpine ACZs. Based on the result of the ANOVA, the two-tailed p-value (≤ 0.04) was less than 0.05; that is, there was a significant variation in MARF, MDMaxT (°C), and MDMinT (°C) among the ACZs. The coefficient of variation showed the presence of variations of 0.18–0.88 for MARF, 0.18 to 0.85 for MDMaxT, and 0.02–0.95 for MDMinT across the ACZs. In all of the indicators of exposure to climate variability, the lowest and highest indexed values of coefficient of variation were observed in the moist–cool and sub-alpine ACZs, respectively. Overall, the aggregate indexed values of exposure to various climate indicators ranged from 0.13–0.89 across the ACZs. The level of exposure to climate variability increased when moving from moist–cool to sub-alpine ACZs. The overall crop diversity declined across the ACZs of the watershed. Nevertheless, mainly because of the rise in temperature, the climate became suitable for cultivating maize and tef even at higher elevations. In order to adapt to the inter-annual variability of the rainy season, the process of adapting early-maturing crops and the use of improved seeds needs to be enhanced in the watershed, especially in the higher-elevation zones. It is also essential to revise traditional crop calendars and crop zones across the ACSz.

Effect of Surface Ellipticity on Dynamically Loaded Cylindrical Bearings

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Goenka ◽  
J. F. Booker
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Element Formulation ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Minimum Film Thickness ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Specific Duty

The finite element formulation for regular cylindrical bearings is extended to include irregular (noncylindrical) bearing surfaces. The optimum bearing shape is sought for a specific duty cycle with a constant load and sinusoidal angular displacement. The optimization is done with a view to maximizing the minimum film thickness. For the purpose of optimization a one-dimensional cylindrical bearing is considered. The optimum among all elliptical shapes is found to combine a specifically elliptical sleeve and a perfectly circular journal. For this optimum noncylindrical bearing the absolute minimum film thickness is about a factor of 36 higher than that for the corresponding regular bearing. The absolute maximum pressure for the optimum bearing is about a factor of 5 lower than that for the regular bearing.

scholarly journals Assessment of Climate Variability Trends in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Oladeinde Stephen Olufemi ◽  
Magaji I. Joshua ◽  
Ekpo Abraham Salamatu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Slope Line

Changing global climate has emerged as one of the greatest environmental problems of mankind in the 21st century. However, there is still a dearth of information regarding the trends and patterns of climate variables at local and specific levels. It is against this background that this paper assessed climate variability trends in Nasarawa State, Nigeria over 21 years’ period (1997 – 2017). Daily data on climate variables for the State was obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency and analysed using the linear trend function in Microsoft Excel. Pattern and course of the variables’ trend were determined using the trend/slope line and the trend equation. Out of the six investigated climatic parameters; maximum temperature, minimum temperature, total annual rainfall and dew points experienced the greatest fluctuation in Nasarawa State during the 21 years’ period (1997 – 2017). Also, while maximum and minimum temperature generally assumed an increasing trend, annual total rainfall and dew points alongside relative humidity and wind speed were generally decreasing. Policymakers in the various earth’s supporting systems such as agriculture, land and water, should employ the key findings of this study for advising some suitable adaptation and mitigation policies to cope with climate variability and change.

scholarly journals Climate Variability and Change Affect Crops Yield under Rainfed Conditions: A Case Study in Gedaref State, Sudan

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1680
Author(s):  
Maysoon A. A. Osman ◽  
Joshua Orungo Onono ◽  
Lydia A. Olaka ◽  
Muna M. Elhag ◽  
Elfatih M. Abdel-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Climate Variability And Change ◽  
Crops Yield ◽  
The Impact

It is projected that, on average, annual temperature will increase between 2 °C to 6 °C under high emission scenarios by the end of the 21st century, with serious consequences in food and nutrition security, especially within semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to investigate the impact of historical long-term climate (temperature and rainfall) variables on the yield of five major crops viz., sorghum, sesame, cotton, sunflower, and millet in Gedaref state, Sudan over the last 35 years. Mann–Kendall trend analysis was used to determine the existing positive or negative trends in temperature and rainfall, while simple linear regression was used to assess trends in crop yield over time. The first difference approach was used to remove the effect of non-climatic factors on crop yield. On the other hand, the standardized anomaly index was calculated to assess the variability in both rainfall and temperature over the study period (i.e., 35 years). Correlation and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were employed to determine the relationships between climatic variables and crops yield. Similarly, a simple linear regression was used to determine the relationship between the length of the rainy season and crop yield. The results showed that the annual maximum temperature (Tmax) increased by 0.03 °C per year between the years 1984 and 2018, while the minimum temperature (Tmin) increased by 0.05 °C per year, leading to a narrow range in diurnal temperature (DTR). In contrast, annual rainfall fluctuated with no evidence of a significant (p > 0.05) increasing or decreasing trend. The yields for all selected crops were negatively correlated with Tmin, Tmax (r ranged between −0.09 and −0.76), and DTR (r ranged between −0.10 and −0.70). However, the annual rainfall had a strong positive correlation with yield of sorghum (r = 0.64), sesame (r = 0.58), and sunflower (r = 0.75). Furthermore, the results showed that a longer rainy season had significant (p < 0.05) direct relationships with the yield of most crops, while Tmax, Tmin, DTR, and amount of rainfall explained more than 50% of the variability in the yield of sorghum (R2 = 0.70), sunflower (R2 = 0.61), and millet (R2 = 0.54). Our results call for increased awareness among different stakeholders and policymakers on the impact of climate change on crop yield, and the need to upscale adaptation measures to mitigate the negative impacts of climate variability and change.

scholarly journals Trend and variability analysis of rainfall and temperature in the Tana basin region, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailu Birara ◽  
R. P. Pandey ◽  
S. K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Distance Weighted ◽  
Slope Estimator ◽  
Basin Region ◽  
Annual Maximum Temperature ◽  
Inverse Distance

Abstract Global warming and climate variability are emerging as the foremost environmental problems in the 21st century, particularly in developing countries. Ethiopia is one of the countries located in the sub-Sahara region and climate variability has a significant impact on the economy of the country. The aim of this study is to characterize annual and seasonal rainfall and annual temperature variability, and to measure trends on both the spatial and the temporal scale for ten selected stations in the Tana basin region, Ethiopia. The Mann–Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator were used to assess trends and variability of rainfall and temperature. The spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature was determined using the inverse distance weighted technique. Results indicated that the amount of rainfall decreased for the majority of the stations. The annual rainfall showed significant decreasing trends with a magnitude ranging from −5.92 mm/year at Injibara to −9.74 mm/year in Wegera. However, a positive trend of annual rainfall was observed at Addis Zemen (1.81 mm/year). The minimum, maximum and mean temperatures have increased significantly for most of the stations. An increasing trend of annual maximum temperature was obtained between 1980 and 2015; an increase of 1.08°C was observed.

scholarly journals Dynamics of resource allocation in biological systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imadol V Jeff-Eke
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Working Model ◽  
Claude Bernard ◽  
The Absolute

Here we present a single working model that attempts at reconciliation of biological systems. To do this we recognize and emphasize a universal theme of all biological systems: a need for resources. That is, we consider the dynamics of resource allocation as a requirement for actuation of responses to stimuli. In addition, all contemplations are founded on four postulates that are motivated by the homeostatic principle as conceived of by Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon: biological systems exhaust attempts to prevent from reaching the absolute maximum failure potential; biological systems tend in the direction toward the absolute minimum failure potential; biological systems attempt to assume the failure potential of an ideal regulator system; and all biological systems attempt to be in agreement with all four postulates. Finally, we attempt to determine biological manifestations of the stated model.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document