Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa J. Threat
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Army Nurse Corps ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Military Nursing ◽  
And Gender

This book examines the battles over race and gender discrimination and social justice by linking the civil rights story of the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) to critical events in the United States between World War II and the Vietnam War. Using the microcosm of military nursing, it considers how agents of change became defenders of exclusionary practices when some of the same women who challenged their exclusion from the military or civilian nursing profession, or those who had gained considerable status within the profession, were unwilling to extend the opportunities to men who sought out military nursing careers. The book also explores the connection between the campaigns to integrate the ANC and the domestic and international anxieties during the Cold War by suggesting that anticommunism both hindered and supported the prospect for gender and race equality within the ANC and, by extension, civilian society.

Nursing Civil Rights

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa J. Threat
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Army Nurse Corps ◽  
Military Nursing

This book investigates the parallel battles against occupational segregation by African American women and white men in the U.S. Army, using the microcosm of military nursing. As the book reveals, both groups viewed their circumstances with the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) as a civil rights matter. Each conducted separate integration campaigns to end the discrimination they suffered. Yet their stories defy the narrative that civil rights struggles inevitably arced toward social justice. The book examines the battles over race and gender discrimination and social justice by linking the civil rights story of the ANC to critical events in the United States between World War II and the Vietnam War. It tells how progressive elements in the integration campaigns did indeed break down barriers in both military and civilian nursing. At the same time, it follows conservative threads to portray how some of the women who succeeded as agents of change became defenders of exclusionary practices when men sought military nursing careers. The ironic result was a struggle that simultaneously confronted and reaffirmed the social hierarchies that nurtured discrimination.

Passing the Baton

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cat M. Ariail
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

In the post–World War II period, nations and territories used international sport to codify and communicate their ideal citizenries. For the United States, black women who competed in track and field complicated these efforts. This book analyzes the ideological influence of black women track stars, examining how they destabilized dominant ideas about race, gender, sexuality, and national identity. The strivings and successes of black American track women, such as Alice Coachman, Mae Faggs, and Wilma Rudolph, at the Olympic Games and other international sporting events from 1948 to 1962 repeatedly forced white and black sport cultures in the United States to wrestle with the meaning of black women’s athleticism. Both white and black sport cultures struggled to fit black women athletes into their respective visions for the postwar American nation, reflecting and reinforcing how the Cold War, civil rights movement, and their intersection encouraged broader reconfigurations of the racial, gender, and sexual associations of ideal American identity. Ultimately, these American sport cultures marshaled racialized gender expectations to contain the threat that black women track stars embodied, interpreting and reinterpreting the meaning of their athletic efforts in ways that bolstered established hierarchies of race and gender.

“I Wanted It to Change and to Make Up for Its Past”

2020 ◽  
pp. 162-204
Author(s):  
Simon Wendt
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Public Rhetoric ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Immigration Laws ◽  
Femininity And Masculinity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 1960S

The chapter explores the organization’s post–World War II history. This period saw major challenges to its conservative vision of America’s “imagined community.” Despite these challenges, the DAR’s views on race, immigration, gender, and the nation’s past remained virtually unchanged. It continued to embrace ethnic nationalism, opposing racial integration and a liberalization of America’s immigration laws, and upheld the very same ideals of femininity and masculinity that its campaigns had emphasized prior to 1945. The organization regarded the social movements of the 1960s, including the civil rights movement, the anti-Vietnam War movement, and second wave feminism, as a grave danger to the nation. Although the DAR began to admit black members in 1977 and finally acknowledged African Americans’ patriotic contributions to American independence in the 1980s, its public rhetoric of civic tolerance frequently belied the DAR’s conservative views on race and gender.

scholarly journals What Constitutes Sexual Harassment and How Should Administrators Handle It?

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Cumings Mansfield ◽  
Amy Gray Beck ◽  
Kakim Fung ◽  
Marta Montiel ◽  
Madeline Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Preparation Programs ◽  
Office For Civil Rights ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
And Gender

Gender discrimination and sexual harassment persist on college campuses across the United States. This seems especially obvious at the beginning of the academic year when many freshman women and their parents are welcomed to campus with sexually explicit signs displayed on all-male residences. But, sometimes, sexual harassment and gender discrimination takes a subtler form, creating unique challenges for administrators. This article presents the true case of a professional fraternity party gone awry, testing the leadership skills of several college administrators. The case provides a platform for educational leadership students to apply the theories they are learning in their preparation programs to real-life situations. This case is important and timely as educational leaders across the p-20 pipeline struggle to navigate the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights’ 2011 directives concerning defining and responding to allegations of sexual assault and harassment.

Coda

2018 ◽  
pp. 229-232
Author(s):  
Hertha D. Sweet Wong
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Civil Rights Era ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Interactive Engagement ◽  
Politics Of Race ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
Post Civil Rights

The Coda reiterates that the post-civil rights era in the United States–with the coalescence of rebellion against historic modes of thought, heightened awareness of the politics of race and gender, and challenges to the artificiality of disciplinary silos –gave rise to a period of intense innovation in autobiographical expression in text and image. During this same period, profoundly new possibilities for image-text self-expression arose as the internet was developed, digital tools were generated, and social media sites were launched. Like the interart autobiographies discussed in Picturing Identity, digital media demands interactive engagement. The conclusion discusses e-poetry as a digital descendant of the forms discussed in the book. Finally, the chapter suggests that scholarly claims that digital technology itself decenters the subject must be reconsidered. It is not technology alone that determines subjectivity. All the writers-artists discussed thematize a split subject that seeks, usually futilely, wholeness.

Race, Gender, and Space Exploration: A Chapter in the Social History of the Space Age

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIM MCQUAID
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social History ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

An era of space explorations and an era of expanded civil rights for racial minorities and women began simultaneously in the United States. But such important social changes are very rarely discussed in relation to each other. Four recent books on how the US astronaut program finally opened to women and minorities in 1978 address a key part of this connection, without discussing the struggles that compelled the ending of traditional race and gender exclusions. This essay examines the organizational and political dynamics of how civil rights in employment came to the US civilian space program in the decades after 1970.

Invisible Visits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina K. Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Exam Room ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

Although the United States spends almost one-fifth of all its resources on funding healthcare, the American system is dogged by persistent inequities in the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities and women. Invisible Visits analyzes how Black women navigate the complexities of dealing with doctors in this environment. It challenges the idea that race and gender discrimination, particularly in healthcare settings, is a thing of the past. In telling the stories of Black women who are middle class, Invisible Visits also questions the persistent myth that discrimination only affects racial minorities who are poor. In so doing, Invisible Visits expands our understanding of how Black middle-class women are treated when they go to the doctor and why they continue to face inequities in securing proper medical care. The book also analyzes the strategies Black women use to fight for the best treatment and the toll that these adaptations take on their health. Invisible Visits shines a light on how women perceive the persistently negative stereotypes that follow them into the exam room and makes the bold claim that simply providing more cultural competency or anti-bias training to doctors is insufficient to overcome the problem. For Americans to really address these challenges, we must first reckon with how deeply embedded discrimination is in our prized institutions, including healthcare. Invisible Visits tells the story of Black women in their own words and forces us to consider their experiences in the context of America’s fraught history of structural discrimination.

A Case of Gender Discrimination? Benchmarking Gender Discrimination Policies in Public Works

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Karen McKnight-Compton
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Proposition 209 ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Agency Administration ◽  
And Gender ◽  
California Civil Rights Initiative

In November 1996, California voters passed the controversial California Civil Rights Initiative (Proposition 209) to abolish race- and gender-preference programs by amending the state constitution. Although the constitutionality of this initiative is being debated in court and the final outcome is still to be decided, the potential impact of such legislation is widespread within the public works agency administration. Historically, public works agencies have developed and defined their workplace protection policies by referencing laws or regulations that were designed to protect employees. However, in the face of initiatives such as Proposition 209, this type of referencing may facilitate gender and/or racial discrimination. This article examines the implications of “incorporation by reference” and alternative methods of effective policy development.

Developing “Third World” Feminist Networks, 1970

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Frazier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Vietnamese Women ◽  
False Dichotomy ◽  
Civil Rights Movements ◽  
And Gender

This chapter asks whether and how connections between American civil rights movements and socialist revolutions outside the United States shaped feminisms of women of color. Scholars have noted the domestic challenges women of color faced when they tried to fight for both race and gender issues—they were often expected to choose and were labeled "sell outs" if they worked in white women's groups. Vietnamese women, who fought for both their nation's sovereignty and women's rights, provided an important example to women of color—one they could use as an inspiration and as evidence of the inseparability of race and gender. Through the example of Vietnamese women, women of color rejected the false dichotomy of fighting for race or gender and insisted on struggling against all forms of oppression.

Direct from a Never Scared Bicentennial Nigger

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrence T. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Stand Up Comedy ◽  
Whoopi Goldberg ◽  
Black Life ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
Post Civil Rights

This chapter examines the work of Richard Pryor and his comic successors, who build on his work while taking it in dynamic and unprecedented directions. In particular, this chapter focuses its attention on comedy albums that combine the live stand-up of the comics with recorded bits that reinforce critiques in other forms. So, Pryor’s Bicentennial Nigger uses skits to help reject the romanticized narrative of the United States at the bicentennial. One of the most immediate successors to Pryor was Whoopi Goldberg, whose Direct from Broadway pulls from the template that Moms Mabley constructed by directly confronting the oppression that sits at the intersection of race and gender. However, Goldberg expands on Pryor’s work not through the inclusion of a female voice but by transforming the exploration of black life into a female-centric critique of white, Western, supremacist, patriarchal hegemony. This chapter argues that Chris Rock most effectively realizes Pryor’s legacy of comic rage. Rock’s work, from Bring the Pain (1996) to Never Scared (2004), engages directly with the historical moment of post–civil rights America and is most clearly represented in Rock’s infusion of hip-hop into the structure and style of mainstream stand-up comedy.

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