scholarly journals Ketika Demokrasi Membutuhkan Inklusi

Dekonstruksi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 156-184
Author(s):  
Sylvester Kanisius Laku
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Communication Models ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Iris Marion Young ◽  
Political Thinker ◽  
Political Decisions

Democracy is a political tool that aims to reach agreement and produce fair decisions for everyone. However, it seems that not all democratic processes and decision-making involve individuals or groups who are socially in a weak, powerless, and marginalized position. These groups, such as women, the elderly, minority groups, and the poor, find themselves in a disadvantageous situation, while political decisions made through a democratic process also impact and affect them directly. Based on this thought, Iris Marion Young, a modern feminist political thinker, seeks to dismantle the various democratic symptoms that obstruct the achievement of justice for all. One of the main problems Young identified is the attempt by those in power to ignore or override the role of communities that are not in power, thereby preventing them from taking full part in democratic processes and decision-making. Therefore, Young proposes the need to intrude on inclusion in the democratic process, through communication models which she calls communicative democracy.

Our Future in a Changing Society

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Don Tustin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Objective Analysis ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Behavioural Theories

The address examines qualities of behavioural therapists since the inception of ABMA. Attention is also given to current issues that require objective analysis; especially issues of individual and social responsibility, the role of families, and adult relationships. There is a need to identify frameworks that assist objective analyses of social situations. A behavioural decision-making approach appears useful for analysing responsibility, as the approach includes concepts to describe both individual choice and social pressures, allowing an assessment of the extent to which individuals or groups should change. There is also a need to find objective measures of values, both of individuals and of small groups. We can expect to see further changes in behavioural theories as more concepts and principles are introduced by behavioural practitioners who address current social problems.

scholarly journals Epistemic and ethical responsibility during the pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Andrea Klimková
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Responsibility ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Actual Content ◽  
Political Decisions

Abstract Intellectual (specialised) knowledge is omnipresent in human lives and decisions. We are constantly trying to make good and correct decisions. However, responsible decision-making is characterised by rather difficult epistemic conditions. It applies all the more during the pandemic when decisions require not only specialised knowledge in a number of disciplines, scientific consensus, and participants from different fields, but also responsibility and respect for moral principles in order to ensure that the human rights of all groups are observed. Pandemic measures are created by politicians, healthcare policy-makers, and epidemiologists. However, what is the role of ethics as a moral philosophy and experts in ethics? Experts in ethics and philosophy are carefully scrutinising political decisions. Levy and Savulescu (2020) have claimed that Ethicists and philosophers are not epistemically arrogant if they question policy responses. They played an important role in the creation of a reliable consensus. This study analyses epistemic and moral responsibility, their similarities, analogies, and differences. Are they interconnected? What is their relationship and how can they be filled with actual content during the pandemic?

scholarly journals The imperative of interpretable machines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Stoyanovich ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Tessa West
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Moral Cognition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Trust In Institutions

Fairness in machine-assisted decision making is critical to consider, since a lack of fairness can harm individuals or groups, erode trust in institutions and systems, and reinforce structural discrimination. To avoid making ethical mistakes, or amplifying them, it is important to ensure that the algorithms we develop are fair and promote trust. We argue that the marriage of techniques from behavioral science and computer science is essential to develop algorithms that make ethical decisions and ensure the welfare of society. Specifically, we focus on the role of procedural justice, moral cognition, and social identity in promoting trust in algorithms and offer a road map for future research on the topic.

Legislative Practice Of Countering Illegal Lobbying In Foreign Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Sabirov Bahram Nizamatdinovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Political Decision Making

The article researches into fundamental approaches to legal regulation of lobbyist activity in democratic countries. Analyzing transformation of lobbying into one of the most important socio-political institutions, it reveals the role of lobbying in the democratic process of political decision-making, considering professional features, organizational structures and approaches to the regulation of lobbying activities. It is concluded that lobbying as an institutuion takes an important place in the life of modern democratic societies. Legal regulation of lobbying activities helps to minimize risks of corruption between government bodies and civil society institutions.

Dysphagia in the Elderly and in Dementia: Helping the Helper

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
The Family

Abstract In order to explore the literature on the role of family in dysphagia intervention, key search terms were identified and literature was reviewed from Pub Med since 1999. Much of the literature dealing with dysphagia in the elderly, and in persons with dementia, focuses primarily on the patients. Limited attention is often focused on the needs of family. Families should be a focus during planning, as well as during treatment of dysphagia, in order to optimize outcomes. This article addresses the role of the family in this process, strategies for improving the involvement of family in decision-making, and also discusses issues related to caregiver burden and burnout.

scholarly journals The Role of Legal Aid Institutions in Providing Legal Aid for Suspects and Defendants

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-444
Author(s):  
Syalis Mei Setiani
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Rule Out

Indonesia is a state of law, one of which is equality before the law. One of the forms is the existence of legal aid institutions to protect human rights. In this case, it is the suspect/defendant whose rights are often violated due to the arbitrariness of the legal apparatus from arrest to trial. Even though legal rules and codes of ethics have been regulated, every law enforcement officer cannot guarantee that the rights of the community, especially suspects and defendants, are fulfilled. So that this legal aid institution takes the role so that people's rights, both legal protection, legal assistance, good treatment can be accepted by suspects or defendants, so that arbitrariness does not occur. For this reason, legal aid institutions recruit advocates, paralegals, lecturers, and law students to participate in implementing legal aid. Legal aid is given to the poor but does not rule out the possibility of giving it to children, persons with disabilities, women, the elderly, Indonesian workers, or other vulnerable people or groups in accordance with their regional context and regulated in laws and regulations. The suspect himself must be given to the suspect who is threatened with imprisonment of more than 5 years and is incapacitated or is threatened with a sentence of 15 years or death. Otherwise, the claim is considered invalid. 

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The Role of Shared Decision-Making in Audiologic Rehabilitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Pryce ◽  
Amanda Hall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Audiologic Rehabilitation

Shared decision-making (SDM), a component of patient-centered care, is the process in which the clinician and patient both participate in decision-making about treatment; information is shared between the parties and both agree with the decision. Shared decision-making is appropriate for health care conditions in which there is more than one evidence-based treatment or management option that have different benefits and risks. The patient's involvement ensures that the decisions regarding treatment are sensitive to the patient's values and preferences. Audiologic rehabilitation requires substantial behavior changes on the part of patients and includes benefits to their communication as well as compromises and potential risks. This article identifies the importance of shared decision-making in audiologic rehabilitation and the changes required to implement it effectively.

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