scholarly journals Prevalence of Avian Influenza H5N6 in Birds: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Other Viral Zoonosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-156
Author(s):  
D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana ◽  
Yeimer Holguin-Rivera ◽  
Isabella Cortes-Bonilla ◽  
María C. Cardona-Trujillo ◽  
Alejandra García-Barco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Pool Prevalence

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are zoonotic pathogens that can potentially affect humans and potentially be epidemic in a region. Birds (such as poultry and wild birds) serve as potential reservoirs for these viruses, highlighting the importance of determining AIV prevalence in the avian population. No systematic reviews have been published on this issue in the world so far. The present systematic literature review following the PRISMA standard, with meta-analysis, used three databases to globally assess the Influenza H5N6 infection in birds (including poultry and wild birds). A model of random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) for the prevalence of Influenza H5N6 infection in birds. A total number of 14,605 articles published from 2015 to 2020 were retrieved. After screening the abstract/title, 37 articles were selected for full-text assessment, and 15 were included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Of the total number of birds (n = 13,416 birds), the pool prevalence by RT-PCR was 3.5% (95% CI: 2.8-4.3%). From the total, 39.67% of the birds assessed were ducks (family Anatidae), in which pool prevalence was 7.7% (95% CI: 4.4-11.0). In chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), the pool prevalence was 3.3% (95% CI 1.9-4.8). Vietnam was the country with the highest pool prevalence; 7.9% (95% CI 4.0-11.7%). Bangladesh was the country with the lowest pool prevalence of 0.4% (95% CI 0.2-0.7%). A considerable proportion of infected birds tested positive highlighted the relevance of individual animals as reservoirs of H5N6. Ducks and chickens were found to be positive by RT-PCR in over 3% of the cases. These data suggest their relevance in maintaining zoonotic transmission and their potential implications for epidemics and even pandemics in the near future.

scholarly journals MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV Infections in Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana ◽  
María C. Cardona-Trujillo ◽  
Alejandra García-Barco ◽  
Yeimer Holguin-Rivera ◽  
Isabella Cortes-Bonilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Pool Prevalence

Introduction: Coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses that include human epidemic pathogens such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS-CoV), and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV), among others (e.g., COVID-19, the recently emerging coronavirus disease). The role of animals as potential reservoirs for such pathogens remains an unanswered question. No systematic reviews have been published on this topic to date. Methods: We performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, using three databases to assess MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infection in animals and its diagnosis by serological and molecular tests. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: 6,493articles were retrieved (1960-2019). After screening by abstract/title, 50 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Of them, 42 were finally included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. From a total of 34 studies (n=20,896 animals), the pool prevalence by RT-PCR for MERS-CoV was 7.2% (95%CI 5.6-8.7%), with 97.3% occurring in camels, in which pool prevalence was 10.3% (95%CI 8.3-12.3). Qatar was the country with the highest MERS-CoV RT-PCR pool prevalence, 32.6% (95%CI 4.8-60.4%). From 5 studies and 2,618 animals, for SARS-CoV, the RT-PCR pool prevalence was 2.3% (95%CI 1.3-3.3). Of those, 38.35% were reported on bats, in which the pool prevalence was 14.1% (95%CI0.0-44.6%). Discussion: A considerable proportion of infected animals tested positive, particularly by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). This essential condition highlights the relevance of individual animals as reservoirs of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. In this meta-analysis, camels and bats were found to be positive by RT-PCR in over 10% of the cases for both; thus, suggesting their relevance in the maintenance of wild zoonotic transmission.

scholarly journals MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV Infections in Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana ◽  
María C. Cardona-Trujillo ◽  
Alejandra García-Barco ◽  
Yeimer Holguin-Rivera ◽  
Isabella Cortes-Bonilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Pool Prevalence

Introduction: Coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses that include human epidemic pathogens such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS-CoV), and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV), among others (e.g., COVID-19, the recently emerging coronavirus disease). The role of animals as potential reservoirs for such pathogens remains an unanswered question. No systematic reviews have been published on this topic to date. Methods: We performed a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, using three databases to assess MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV infection in animals and its diagnosis by serological and molecular tests. We performed a random-effects model meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalences and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: 6,493articles were retrieved (1960-2019). After screening by abstract/title, 50articles were selected for full-text assessment. Of them, 42 were finally included for qualitative and quantitative analyses. From a total of 34 studies (n=20,896 animals), the pool prevalence by RT-PCR for MERS-CoV was 7.2% (95%CI 5.6-8.7%), with 97.3% occurring in camels, in which pool prevalence was 10.3% (95%CI 8.3-12.3). Qatar was the country with the highest MERS-CoV RT-PCR pool prevalence, 32.6% (95%CI 4.8-60.4%). From 5 studies and 2,618 animals, for SARS-CoV, the RT-PCR pool prevalence was 2.3% (95%CI 1.3-3.3). Of those, 38.35% were reported on bats, in which the pool prevalence was 14.1% (95%CI0.0-44.6%). Discussion: A considerable proportion of infected animals tested positive, particularly by nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), an essential condition that highlights the relevance of individual animals as reservoirs of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. In this meta-analysis, camels and bats were found to be positive by RT-PCR in over 10% of the cases for both; thus, suggesting their relevance in the maintenance of wild zoonotic transmission.

scholarly journals Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019–2020

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Eun-Jee Na ◽  
Young-Sik Kim ◽  
Sook-Young Lee ◽  
Yoon-Ji Kim ◽  
Jun-Soo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Basic Amino Acid ◽  
Histopathological Change ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Genetic Characteristics

Wild aquatic birds, a natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), transmit AIVs to poultry farms, causing huge economic losses. Therefore, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of AIVs isolated from wild birds in South Korea from October 2019 to March 2020 were investigated and analyzed. Fresh avian fecal samples (3256) were collected by active monitoring of 11 wild bird habitats. Twenty-eight AIVs were isolated. Seven HA and eight NA subtypes were identified. All AIV hosts were Anseriformes species. The HA cleavage site of 20 representative AIVs was encoded by non-multi-basic amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight segment genes of the AIVs showed that most genes clustered within the Eurasian lineage. However, the HA gene of H10 viruses and NS gene of four viruses clustered within the American lineage, indicating intercontinental reassortment of AIVs. Representative viruses likely to infect mammals were selected and evaluated for pathogenicity in mice. JB21-58 (H5N3), JB42-93 (H9N2), and JB32-81 (H11N2) were isolated from the lungs, but JB31-69 (H11N9) was not isolated from the lungs until the end of the experiment at 14 dpi. None of infected mice showed clinical sign and histopathological change in the lung. In addition, viral antigens were not detected in lungs of all mice at 14 dpi. These data suggest that LPAIVs derived from wild birds are unlikely to be transmitted to mammals. However, because LPAIVs can reportedly infect mammals, including humans, continuous surveillance and monitoring of AIVs are necessary, despite their low pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Josanne H. Verhagen ◽  
Ron A. M. Fouchier ◽  
Nicola Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Domestic Bird ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Host Identification

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

scholarly journals Antibody responses to avian influenza viruses in wild birds broaden with age

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1845) ◽  
pp. 20162159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Hill ◽  
Ruth J. Manvell ◽  
Bodo Schulenburg ◽  
Wendy Shell ◽  
Paul S. Wikramaratna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pathogenic H5n1

For viruses such as avian influenza, immunity within a host population can drive the emergence of new strains by selecting for viruses with novel antigens that avoid immune recognition. The accumulation of acquired immunity with age is hypothesized to affect how influenza viruses emerge and spread in species of different lifespans. Despite its importance for understanding the behaviour of avian influenza viruses, little is known about age-related accumulation of immunity in the virus's primary reservoir, wild birds. To address this, we studied the age structure of immune responses to avian influenza virus in a wild swan population ( Cygnus olor ), before and after the population experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in 2008. We performed haemagglutination inhibition assays on sampled sera for five avian influenza strains and show that breadth of response accumulates with age. The observed age-related distribution of antibody responses to avian influenza strains may explain the age-dependent mortality observed during the highly pathogenic H5N1 outbreak. Age structures and species lifespan are probably important determinants of viral epidemiology and virulence in birds.

scholarly journals Serologic Testing for Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds: Comparison of Two Commercial Competition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (s1) ◽  
pp. e178-e179
Author(s):  
Elisa Pérez-ramírez ◽  
Vanessa Rodríguez ◽  
Dagmar Sommer ◽  
Juan Manuel Blanco ◽  
Pelayo Acevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Serologic Testing ◽  
Immunosorbent Assays

scholarly journals Reassortment and persistence of influenza A viruses from diverse geographic origins within Australian wild birds: evidence from a small, isolated population of Ruddy turnstones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany J. Hoye ◽  
Celeste M. Donato ◽  
Simeon Lisovski ◽  
Yi-Mo Deng ◽  
Simone Warner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Eastern Australia

Australian lineages of avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) are thought to be phylogenetically distinct from those circulating in Eurasia and the Americas, suggesting the circulation of endemic viruses seeded by occasional introductions from other regions. However, processes underlying the introduction, evolution and maintenance of AIVs in Australia remain poorly understood. Waders (Order Charadriiformes, Family Scolopacidae) may play a unique role in the ecology and evolution of AIVs, particularly in Australia, where ducks, geese and swans (Order Anseriformes, Family Anatidae) rarely undertake intercontinental migrations. Across a five-year surveillance period (2011–2015), Ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) that ‘overwinter’ during the Austral summer in south eastern Australia showed generally low levels of AIV prevalence (0–2%). However, in March 2014 we detected AIVs in 32% (95% CI; 25–39%) of individuals in a small, low-density, island population 90km from the Australian mainland. This epizootic comprised three distinct AIV genotypes, each of which represent a unique reassortment of Australian, recently introduced Eurasian, and recently introduced American-lineage gene segments. Strikingly, the Australian-lineage gene segments showed high similarity to H10N7 viruses isolated in 2010 and 2012 from poultry outbreaks 900–1500km to the north. Together with the diverse geographic origins of the American and Eurasian gene segments, these findings suggest extensive circulation and reassortment of AIVs within Australian wild birds over vast geographic distances. Our findings indicate that long-term surveillance in waders may yield unique insights into AIV gene flow, especially in geographic regions like Oceania where Anatidae do not display regular inter- or intracontinental migration. IMPORTANCE High prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) was detected in a small, low-density, isolated population of Ruddy turnstones in Australia. Analysis of these viruses revealed relatively recent introductions of viral gene segments from both Eurasia and North America, as well as long-term persistence of introduced gene segments in Australian wild birds. These data demonstrate that the flow of viruses into Australia may be more common than initially thought and that, once introduced, these AIVs have the potential to be maintained within the continent. These findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting Australian wild birds are unlikely to be ecologically-isolated from the highly pathogenic H5Nx viruses circulating among wild birds throughout the northern hemisphere.

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