scholarly journals Community structure of epigeic arthropods in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. e0304-e0304
Author(s):  
Vladimír Langraf ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Soil Arthropods ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Aim of study: The study of epigeic arthropods provides information on how ecosystems respond to different management practices. Changes in the structure of epigeic groups reflect changes in the ecological status of habitats. We assessed the influence of semi-natural habitats and environmental variables on the dispersion of the epigeic groups. Area of study: Southwestern part of Slovakia Material and methods: Between 2018 and 2020, six barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) fields were selected each year. Five pitfall traps were placed on each field and environmental variables (soil pH and moisture, light conditions, soil N, P, K) were analysed. We collected 8,730 individuals belonging to 14 taxonomic groups. The variables of the study sites (habitat, locality name, cadastral area, altitude, coordinates of localities) were also analysed. Main results: We observed a decrease in the average number of individuals in the direction from pitfall traps 1 (semi-natural areas) to 5 (barley crop) between July and August. The number of individuals was similar in May and June. The dispersion of epigeic arthropods was affected by soil moisture, pH soil, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. In the beetles model group, which was represented by the highest number of individuals, we confirmed an increasing number of individuals with increasing values of K, P, N and soil moisture. The neutral pH of the soil was optimal for beetles. Research highlights: The ecotone rule does not apply during all months, so we have contributed new information about the ecotone rule. Agricultural intensification affects soil arthropods, a taxonomic group with an important role in the functioning of agricultural ecosystems.

Agronomic response of six-row barley cultivars to supplemental fertilization and late-season fungicide treatments

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Jedel ◽  
J. H. Helm
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Positive Effects

Management practices such as the use of fertilizers and fungicides can have positive effects on grain yield and quality of cereals, especially where diseases are a concern. Six cultivars of six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were tested at two fertility levels (standard and high) with a late-season application of the foliar fungicide Tilt (propiconazole) to determine their agronomic responses to these management practices. In 1988, when yields were limited because of early season drought, only Leduc showed a positive yield response to the Tilt, even though it has the highest level of genetic resistance to scald and net blotch of the cultivars tested. In 1989, when yields were again limited by adverse environmental conditions, no response to Tilt was found. In 1990, when growing conditions during the season were excellent, Empress, Noble and Samson had positive responses to Tilt application. Tilt had no effect on grain protein, maturity, or harvest index; it slightly improved test weights and kernel weights and decreased percent thins; and it had variable effects on height, number of viable tillers m−2, and kernel number spike−1. Yield response to Tilt was not affected by fertility regime. High fertility (112 kg ha−1 N 37 kg ha−1 P) resulted in an overall increase in yield of 0.62 t ha−1 from the standard fertility treatment (84 kg ha−1 N 27 kg ha−1 P); decreased harvest index; delayed maturity in 1989 only; increased height, number of viable tillers m−2, and kernel number spike−1; increased protein content of the grain in 1988 only; and had no effect on test weight, kernel weight and percent thins. Because of the variability of response from year to year and cultivar to cultivar, the economic feasibility of Tilt application may be limited.Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., propiconazole, soil fertility, management

EFFECTS OF DATE OF SOD BREAKING ON NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF BARLEY FOLLOWING FESCUE IN ROTATION

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. F. HENNIG ◽  
W. A. RICE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
July August September

Yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on land broken out of fescue (Festuca rubra) sod decreased with delay in time of breaking. Without nitrogen, but with phosphorus and potassium, the 4-yr (1969–72) mean yields were 2.89, 1.97, 1.61 and 1.24 tonnes/ha for plots broken in July, August, September and May, respectively. Increasing rates of nitrogen up to 90 kg N/ha resulted in yield increases which were nearly linear and similar for all breaking dates. With 90 kg N/ha yields were 4.09, 3.90, 3.28 and 2.96 tonnes/ha for plots broken in July, August, September and May, respectively. In a second experiment conducted for 2 yr, (1972 and 1974) an application of more than 90 kg N/ha did not result in further increases in yield of barley except in the plots broken in September. Uptake of N by barley (grain and straw) as with yield of barley grain was essentially linear and increased with increasing rates of N fertilizer. A delay in breaking from July to the following May resulted in a decrease of around 20 kg/ha of soil NO3-N in the top 60 cm of soil. Between September and May, the difference was only 1.2 kg/ha. This difference in soil NO3-N would not account for the yield differences obtained, since without fertilizer N the plots that were broken in September yielded about as much as those broken in May and fertilized with 22 kg N/ha. Soil moisture measurements in spring prior to seeding generally showed a decrease with delay in breaking. The differences were small and alone would not account for the wide variations in yields. It was observed that the seedbed condition was better with early than late breaking and that regrowth of fescue was markedly less on the plots broken in July than on the plots broken in September or May. The combined effect of these factors apparently limits the production of barley on recently broken grass sod.

Studies of soil moisture stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Sinha ◽  
O. N. Mehrotra ◽  
R. K. Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress

GENETIC VARIABILITY IN A HETEROGENEOUS POPULATION OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE)

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Acharya ◽  
S. Jana
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Average Annual Precipitation ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Composite Crosses

Two populations, dryland (D) and irrigated (I), were developed by propagating Composite Cross XXI (CCXXI) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under contrasting soil moisture levels. Both populations were characterized by low outcrossing rates (less than 1%) and high levels of genetic variability. The means of these two populations did not show much divergence for six quantitative characters. However, substantially greater variability was observed in the D population for grain size and yield. Exposure to greater fluctuations of soil moisture and reduced intergenotype competition under dryland conditions were considered responsible for maintaining greater variability in the D population. The results indicated that continuous propagation of heterogeneous populations such as composite crosses of barley under low rainfall (average annual precipitation of about 350 mm) conditions is more effective in reducing genetic erosion and maintaining agriculturally useful variability than under more favorable rainfed conditions.

scholarly journals Physical geography, isolation by distance and environmental variables shape genomic variation of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum) in the Southern Levant

Heredity ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Che-Wei Chang ◽  
Eyal Fridman ◽  
Martin Mascher ◽  
Axel Himmelbach ◽  
Karl Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Wild Barley ◽  
Environmental Variable ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Selection Signatures ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L

AbstractDetermining the extent of genetic variation that reflects local adaptation in crop-wild relatives is of interest for the purpose of identifying useful genetic diversity for plant breeding. We investigated the association of genomic variation with geographical and environmental factors in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum) populations of the Southern Levant using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) of 244 accessions in the Barley 1K+ collection. The inference of population structure resulted in four genetic clusters that corresponded to eco-geographical habitats and a significant association between lower gene flow rates and geographical barriers, e.g. the Judaean Mountains and the Sea of Galilee. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that spatial autocorrelation explained 45% and environmental variables explained 15% of total genomic variation. Only 4.5% of genomic variation was solely attributed to environmental variation if the component confounded with spatial autocorrelation was excluded. A synthetic environmental variable combining latitude, solar radiation, and accumulated precipitation explained the highest proportion of genomic variation (3.9%). When conditioned on population structure, soil water capacity was the most important environmental variable explaining 1.18% of genomic variation. Genome scans with outlier analysis and genome-environment association studies were conducted to identify adaptation signatures. RDA and outlier methods jointly detected selection signatures in the pericentromeric regions, which have reduced recombination, of the chromosomes 3H, 4H, and 5H. However, selection signatures mostly disappeared after correction for population structure. In conclusion, adaptation to the highly diverse environments of the Southern Levant over short geographical ranges had a limited effect on the genomic diversity of wild barley. This highlighted the importance of nonselective forces in genetic differentiation.

scholarly journals Assessment of soil quality in agroecosystems based on soil fauna

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
V. Langraf ◽  
K. Petrovičová ◽  
J. Schlarmannová ◽  
S. David ◽  
T. A. Avtaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Arthropods ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Index Value

Soil arthropods respond sensitively to land management practices and correlate with beneficial soil functions. The aim of this research was to determine soil quality using the QBS index in different types of crops and influence of soil variables (pH soil, soil moisture, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen) on soil arthropods. Between the years 2018 and 2020, we studied different types of crops (Brassica napus, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta, Zea mays, Grass mixture and Hordeum vulgare) and recorded 14 taxa. Our results suggest a higher QBS index value in crops grass mixture, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta. The EMI value grew with increasing values of soil moisture, soil pH, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen; indicating the presence of soil arthropods occurring in higher quality soil. Our results suggest that agricultural intensification affects soil arthropods, which are important for the production of biomass, which also affects crop yields.

Ultrastructure and Senescence in an Achloroplastic Mutant of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Dyan

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 844-845
Author(s):  
R.H.M. Cross ◽  
C.E.J. Botha ◽  
A.K. Cowan ◽  
B.J. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Pinocytotic Vesicles

Senescence is an ordered degenerative process leading to death of individual cells, organs and organisms. The detection of a conditional lethal mutant (achloroplastic) of Hordeum vulgare has enabled us to investigate ultrastructural changes occurring in leaf tissue during foliar senescence.Examination of the tonoplast structure in six and 14 day-old mutant tissue revealed a progressive degeneration and disappearance of the membrane, apparently starting by day six in the vicinity of the mitochondria associated with the degenerating proplastid (Fig. 1.) where neither of the plastid membrane leaflets is evident (arrows, Fig. 1.). At this stage there was evidence that the mitochondrial membranes were undergoing retrogressive changes, coupled with disorganization of cristae (Fig. 2.). Proplastids (P) lack definitive prolamellar bodies. The cytoplasmic matrix is largely agranular, with few endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae or polyribosomal aggregates. Interestingly, large numbers of actively-budding dictysomes, associated with pinocytotic vesicles, were observed in close proximity to the plasmalemma of mesophyll cells (Fig. 3.). By day 14 however, mesophyll cells showed almost complete breakdown of subcellular organelle structure (Fig. 4.), and further evidence for the breakdown of the tonoplast. The final stage of senescence is characterized by the solubilization of the cell wall due to expression and activity of polygalacturonase and/or cellulose. The presence of dictyosomes with associated pinocytotic vesicles formed from the mature face, in close proximity to both the plasmalemma and the cell wall, would appear to support the model proposed by Christopherson for the secretion of cellulase. This pathway of synthesis is typical for secretory glycoproteins.

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