scholarly journals On the transit of Venus 2012: Method of computation for prediction of contact timings

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
L.M. JYOTI ◽  
SANJIB SEN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Solar Disc ◽  
Naval Observatory ◽  
Local Contact ◽  
Positional Astronomy ◽  
Nautical Almanac ◽  
Annual Publication

Transit of Venus over the solar disc is an extremely rare event. The phenomenon occurred last time on June 8, 2004 when the entire event was visible from all parts of India. Another Transit of Venus is going to occur on June 6, 2012, though the entire event will not be visible from India. The Positional Astronomy Centre publishes data on Transit of Mercury and Venus in its annual publication ‘The Indian Astronomical Ephemeris’. In this paper an attempt has been made to provide documentation on the methodology for computation of contact timings of the event. Using the methodology, the geocentric contact timings and local contact timings for important places of India for the event of Transit of Venus of June 6, 2012 have been predicted. The result thus obtained for different geocentric phases of the event has been compared with the predicted timings published by The Nautical Almanac Office, United States Naval Observatory and NASA.

Unification of the Abridged Nautical Almanac and the American Nautical Almanac

1956 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
G. M. Clemence ◽  
D. H. Sadler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Royal Greenwich Observatory ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Naval Observatory ◽  
Identical Material ◽  
Title Pages ◽  
Nautical Almanac ◽  
The U.S

Announcement. As from the editions for the year 1958 the Abridged Nautical Almanac and the American Nautical Almanac will become identical in content, and will be reproduced from identical material, apart from the title pages and covers; they will for the time being retain their present titles, and will continue to be printed and published separately in the United Kingdom and the United States. The unified Almanac will be produced jointly by H.M. Nautical Almanac Office of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, and the Nautical Almanac Office of the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, to meet the general requirements for surface navigation in the two countries.Unification became a possibility with the decision to prepare copy for the Abridged Nautical Almanac on the card-controlled typewriter in H.M. Nautical Almanac Office; this machine is identical with that at the U.S. Naval Observatory, which has been used to prepare copy for the American Nautical Almanac since 1950. A large number of arrangements were tried for the daily pages, some with one day to the page or two days to the opening, and others with three days to the opening. The consensus of opinion in the United Kingdom favoured the latter form, which is already in use in the American Nautical Almanac. This opened the way to a detailed investigation into an arrangement that would prove acceptable to users and producers in both countries. The unified Almanac is the result of this collaboration.

Unification of the Air Almanac and the American Air Almanac

1951 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
pp. 386-388
Author(s):  
G. M. Clemence ◽  
D. H. Sadler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Royal Greenwich Observatory ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Naval Observatory ◽  
Single Publication ◽  
Nautical Almanac ◽  
The U.S

As from 1953 theAir Almanacand theAmerican Air Almanacwill become a single publication, under the title of theAir Almanac. It will be produced jointly by H.M. Nautical Almanac Office of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, and the Nautical Almanac Office of the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, to meet the general requirements for air navigation in the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. TheAir Almanacwill be printed and published separately in the United Kingdom and the United States but the two publications will otherwise be identical.

Phonological Complexity: Bernese Swiss German in Ohio and Misiones

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Robert Klosinski ◽  
Andrew D. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Language Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heritage Languages ◽  
Swiss German ◽  
Local Contact ◽  
Additional Reference ◽  
Phonological Complexity

Abstract This article investigates the notion of complexity as it applies to two phonological characteristics of Heritage Bernese Swiss German, namely /l/-vocalization and /nd/-velarization. We survey literature on the role of complexity in language change generally, as well as how it applies to heritage languages specifically. We then present findings from our study of two groups of Heritage Bernese speakers, one in the United States and one in Argentina, with additional reference to the local contact languages. Our findings suggest that the loss of /nd/-velarization in Misiones, Argentina is most likely the result of an internally-driven reduction of complexity. For both the Ohio and Misiones communities, however, /l/-vocalization has been maintained. We conclude by discussing the importance of research into language dyads beyond those in the United States as well as pursuing research on lesser-studied heritage languages.

Risk Perception and Probability

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara E. Gorman ◽  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Real Risk ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Elementary Statistics ◽  
Nonfatal Injuries

Each day, when you take your morning shower, you face a 1 in 1,000 chance of serious injury or even death from a fall. You might at first think that each time you get into the shower your chance of a fall and serious injury is 1 in 1,000 and therefore there is very little to worry about. That is probably because you remember that someone once taught you the famous coin-flip rule of elementary statistics: because each toss is an independent event, you have a 50% chance of heads each time you flip. But in this case you would be wrong. The actual chance of falling in the shower is additive. This is known in statistics as the “law of large numbers.” If you do something enough times, even a rare event will occur. Hence, if you take 1,000 showers you are almost assured of a serious injury—about once every 3 years for a person who takes a shower every day. Of course, serious falls are less common than that because of a variety of intervening factors. Nevertheless, according to the CDC, mishaps near the bathtub, shower, toilet, and sink caused an estimated 234,094 nonfatal injuries in the United States in 2008 among people at least 15 years old. In 2009, there were 10.8 million traffic accidents and 35,900 deaths due to road fatalities in the United States. The CDC estimates a 1-in-100 lifetime chance of dying in a traffic accident and a 1-in-5 lifetime chance of dying from heart disease. But none of these realities affect our behaviors very much. We don’t take very many (if any) precautions when we shower. We text, eat, talk on the phone, and zone out while driving, paying little attention to the very real risk we pose to ourselves (and others) each time we get in the car. And we keep eating at McDonald’s and smoking cigarettes, completely disregarding the fact that these behaviors could eventually affect our health in extreme and fatal ways. On the other hand, there is zero proven risk of death as a result of the diphtheria- tetanus- pertussis (DTP) vaccine.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Risk Assessment of Human Salmonellosis from Consumption of Walnuts in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOFIA M. SANTILLANA FARAKOS ◽  
RÉGIS POUILLOT ◽  
GORDON R. DAVIDSON ◽  
RHOMA JOHNSON ◽  
INSOOK SON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Baseline Model ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT We assessed the risk of human salmonellosis from consumption of shelled walnuts in the United States and the impact of 0- to 5-log reduction treatments for Salmonella during processing. We established a baseline model with Salmonella contamination data from 2010 to 2013 surveys of walnuts from California operations to estimate baseline prevalence and levels of Salmonella during preshelling storage and typical walnut processing stages, considered U.S. consumption data, and applied an adapted dose-response model from the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization to evaluate risk of illness per serving and per year. Our baseline model predicted 1 case of salmonellosis per 100 million servings (95% confidence interval [CI], 1 case per 3 million to 1 case per 2 billion servings) of walnuts untreated during processing and uncooked by consumers, resulting in an estimated 6 cases of salmonellosis per year (95% CI, <1 to 278 cases) in the United States. A minimum 3-log reduction treatment for Salmonella during processing of walnuts eaten alone or as an uncooked ingredient resulted in a mean risk of <1 case per year. We modeled the impact on risk per serving of three atypical situations in which the Salmonella levels were increased by 0.5 to 1.5 log CFU per unit pretreatment during processing at the float tank or during preshelling storage or posttreatment during partitioning into consumer packages. No change in risk was associated with the small increase in levels of Salmonella at the float tank, whereas an increase in risk was estimated for each of the other two atypical events. In a fourth scenario, we estimated the risk per serving associated with consumption of walnuts with Salmonella prevalence and levels from a 2014 to 2015 U.S. retail survey. Risk per serving estimates were two orders of magnitude larger than those of the baseline model without treatment. Further research is needed to determine whether this finding reflects variability in Salmonella contamination across the supply or a rare event affecting a portion of the supply.

Albert Abraham Michelson, 1852 - 1931

1932 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Applied Science ◽  
Naval Academy ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nautical Almanac ◽  
The U.S

Albert Abraham Michelson was born on December 19, 1852, at Strelno in Posen, now restored to Poland. When he was two years old, he was taken by his parents, Samuel Michelson and Rosalie (Przlubska), to the United States, and, after some fifteen years spent in Virgina City, Nevada, where his brother Charles was born, San Francisco became their home. There his sister Miriam, the author, was born, and the boy attended the high school. He was given, in unusual circumstances, an appointment in the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, and after graduating in 1873 he became a midshipman in the U.S. Navy for two years and was afterwards appointed instructor in physics and chemistry in the Naval Academy in 1875, holding the appointment until 1879. His next year was spent in the Nautical Almanac Office in Washington, and then he studied for two years at the College of France, and at Heidelberg and Berlin. In 1882 he became Professor of Physics in the Case School of Applied Science at Cleveland, Ohio. After seven years he went as Professor of Physics to Clark University, Worcester, Mass., and remained there until 1892. He was then appointed Professor at the head of the Ryerson Physical Laboratory, Chicago ; this appointment he held until shortly before his death, which occurred on May 9, 1931. He married Miss Edna Stanton of Lake Forest, Illinois, in 1899, and they had a son and two daughters. This in brief contains the history of his official appointments : how he filled the various posts is another matter.

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