scholarly journals Diminazene aceturate-concentrations in tissues of dogs co-treated with oxtetracycline long acting

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Normal Dose ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
The Brain

Diminizene aceturate (DA) is the drug of choice for treating Canine Trypanosomosis and Canine Babesiosis in many countries of the world. However, co-administration of the drug with long acting Oxytetracycline (OXY-LA) has been associated with nervous signs suggestive of its toxicity, in treated dogs, even at the normal dose. To investigate what causes this toxicity, fourteen Nigerian indigenous dogs were randomly selected into two groups that comprised six dogs each and the remaining untreated two dogs were used for preparation of tissue standards. One group was treated with DA (3.5mg/kg) alone while the other was, additionally, treated with OXY-LA, 10 minutes post treatment (PT) with DA. Two dogs from each group were sacrificed at 240, 360 and 480 hours, PT and their livers, brains, kidneys, hearts and skeletal muscles were harvested and assayed for DA. Mean DA-concentrations in brains of the DA-OXY-LA group (19.71± 1.31a; 15.86± 2.96a; 9.11± 3.31a) were higher (P≤ 0.05) than 1.39 ± 0.45b; 1.05± 0.29b; 0.71 ± 0.30b of the DA-alone group at 240, 360 and 480 hours, PT, respectively. Also, mean-DA concentration in kidneys (8.00 ±0.46a) of the DA-OXY-LA group was significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher than 3.76±0.32b of the DA-alone group at 360 hours PT. These results suggest that OXY-LA enhances DA-accumulation in the brain and reduces its kidney-elimination, thus making the normal dose to act as overdose, which causes the nervous signs often manifested by treated dogs.

scholarly journals The Pathogenesis of Memory and Its Causes

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amyloid Aggregates ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain

Objective: to evaluate the memory phenomenon when synchronizing an area of the brain interacting with the external environment. Introduction: Dr. Dale Bredesen estimates that there will be more than 160 million individuals with Alzheimer’s dementia in the world by 2050. Amnesia in temporal lobe epilepsy indicates that the hyperactive excitability generated in this temporal lobe impairs the ability to memorize, destabilizing the rhythm in relative to the other brain lobes. Methodology: through literature review it is assessed that there is a working relationship between the region on the cortical side of the brain and the contralateral homotopic cortex. Results and discussion: the types of amnesia are classified in a first group whose organic causes predominate. We must not forget the danger of the accumulation of non-functional proteins that can precede the formation of beta-amyloid aggregates. They replicate more intensely than an infectious agent does, because they do not need genetic material for their multiplication. Conclusion: the first group may also be due to the lack of memory consolidation (sleep disorders, lack of mnemic exercise, malnutrition, infection or other conditions). There is a second group whose psychological causes predominate. Studies on the hormone DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) can help improve these neurodegenerative processes.

Our Love Affair with Drugs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerrold Winter
Keyword(s):  
Psychoactive Drugs ◽  
Love Affair ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Practical Matter ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Traumatic Distress ◽  
Scientific Questions ◽  
The Brain

Prescription, illicit, and recreational drugs touch all of our lives yet a basic understanding of these chemicals is largely absent among Americans. Jerrold Winter offers a comprehensive account of psychoactive drugs, chemicals which influence our brains in myriad ways. Manifestations of their influence on the brain are quite varied. There may be the comfort provided by opioids to those who are dying or in pain or, in everyday life, the surge of contentment for the users of caffeine, nicotine, heroin, alcohol, or marijuana upon the taking of their drug of choice. Turning to the more exotic, a drug such as LSD may alter the way the world looks to us; it may even inspire thoughts of God. Adding to the purely scientific questions which confront us are the ways in which our society chooses to respond to the presence of psychoactive drugs. Should they be banned and their users sent to prison, tolerated as a reflection of man's eternal search for an escape from anxiety, pain, and the monotony of daily life, or celebrated as therapeutically useful agents? Our Love Affair with Drugs is written for experts and novices alike. There are stories of, for example, how Timothy Leary caused the repeal of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. Readers will learn of the transformation by Sir Charles Locock of a drug intended to dampen female sexual activity into the first effective drug for the treatment of the ancient disease of epilepsy. Alexander Shulgin's love of psychoactive drugs and his unconventional research practices illuminate the story of methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a.k.a. Ecstasy, a drug now likely to find value in treating veterans and others suffering post-traumatic distress disorder. Winter links the excitement of drug discovery with the very practical matter of balancing the benefits and risks of these drugs.

A Compendium of Modern Minimally Invasive Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation Techniques

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Pan ◽  
Alexander G Chartrain ◽  
Jacopo Scaggiante ◽  
Alejandro M Spiotta ◽  
Zhouping Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technical Description ◽  
Evacuation Strategy ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Phase Clinical Trials ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) evacuation has gained popularity with success in early-phase clinical trials. This procedure, however, is performed in very different ways around the world. Objective To provide a technical description of these strategies that facilitates comparison and aids decisions in which surgery to perform, and to inform further improvements in minimally invasive ICH evacuation. Methods Major authors of clinical trials evaluating each of the main techniques were contacted and asked to supply a case example and technical description of their respective surgeries. Results Five major techniques are presented including stereotactic thrombolysis, craniopuncture, endoscopic, endoscope-assisted, and endoport-mediated. Techniques differ in numerous ways including the size of the cranial access, the size of the access corridor through the brain to the hematoma, and the evacuation strategy. Regarding cranial access, a burr hole is created in stereotactic thrombolysis and craniopuncture, a small craniectomy in endoscopic, and a small craniotomy in the other 2. Access corridors through the parenchyma range from 3 mm in craniopuncture to 13.5 mm in the endoport-mediated evacuation. Regarding evacuation strategies, stereotactic thrombolysis and craniopuncture rely on passive drainage from a catheter placed during surgery that remains in place for multiple days, while the other 3 techniques rely on active evacuation with suction and bipolar cautery. Conclusion Future comparative clinical trials may identify the advantageous components of each strategy and contribute to improved outcomes in this patient population.

Quantum Models of the Recognition Process — On a Convergence Theorem

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 161-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Heinz Fichtner ◽  
Lars Fichtner ◽  
Wolfgang Freudenberg ◽  
Masanori Ohya
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Convergence Theorem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Signals ◽  
Recognition Process ◽  
General Conception ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain

One of the main activities of the brain is the recognition of signals. As it was pointed out in [22, 25] the procedure of recognition can be described as follows: There is a set of complex signals stored in the memory. Choosing one of these signals may be interpreted as generating a hypothesis concerning an "expected view of the world". Then the brain compares a signal arising from our senses with the signal chosen from the memory. That changes the state of both signals in such a manner that after the procedure the signals coincide in a certain sense. Furthermore, measurements of that procedure like EEG or MEG are based on the fact that recognition of signals causes a certain loss of excited neurons, i.e. the neurons change their state from "excited" to "nonexcited". For that reason a statistical model of the recognition process should reflect both — the change of the signals and the loss of excited neurons. Now, [5] represents the first attempt to explain the process of recognition in terms of quantum statistics. According to the general conception of quantum theory, the procedure of recognition should be described by an operator on a certain Hilbert space. In [5] we proposed two candidates for such an operator. One of them reflects in a clear sense the mentioned change of the signals. The other one reflects the loss of excited neurons. We will prove (cf. Theorem 4) that for sufficiently high intensities of the signals both operators are approximately equal.

scholarly journals Prendersi cura del mondo

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-124
Author(s):  
Iain McGilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Brain Level ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Discusses the role that attention plays in constituting the world, rather than reducing phenomena to the brain level. Discusses the different kinds of attention delineated by the divided hemispheres of the brain. On the one hand the left hemisphere specialised in grasping and manipulating the world, whereas the right hemisphere specialises in relat-ing to and understanding the world. Discusses how reliance on one or the other kind of attention has cultural, psychological and social implications.

The role of the brain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Guillery
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
The World ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Brain

This chapter introduces two interpretations of how we know about the world. One, the standard, sensory-to-motor view, is that physical actions for sounds, lights, tastes, smells, and so on act on our sense organs to produce messages that are sent through the nervous system to the cerebral cortex, where the relevant structures of the world can be recognized and appropriate motor actions can be initiated. The other is an interactive sensorimotor view where the nervous system records our interactions with the world, abstracting our knowledge about the world from these interactions. These two opposing views have rarely been considered in terms of specific neural pathways or the messages that they carry; that is the plan for this book. Each view leads to different sets of interpretations of experiments and to different sets of research proposals. The final part of the chapter explores a well-studied and widely taught clinical condition that illustrates the confusions that can arise when the dual meaning of the driver messages to the thalamus is not recognized.

scholarly journals Listen With Your Wrists

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
The Brain

Most of us have five senses that our brains use to create a model of the world us. We see, hear, smell, taste, and touch our way around. If one of your senses is not working properly, your brain fills in the gaps by paying more attention to the other senses. However, your other senses cannot always fill in the gaps. If your ears are not working, your eyes alone may not be able to tell your brain that an out-of-control car is screeching toward you! But what if we could help the brain fill in the gaps by purposefully sending the missing information through another sense? What if you could “hear” where a sound is through your sense of touch? This article will explain how people were able to do just that, using wristbands that converted sound into vibration.

scholarly journals Individual and combined anti-trypanosomal effects of arteether and diminazene aceturate in the treatment of experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1858-1862
Author(s):  
Tobias Nnia Egbe-Nwiyi ◽  
Samson Eneojo Abalaka ◽  
Nuhu Abdulazeez Sani ◽  
Oremeyi Zainab Tenuche ◽  
Idoko Sunday Idoko
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Unexposed Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Aim: Trypanosomosis is a vital protozoan disease of man and animals with devastating consequences in the tropical parts of the world, necessitating the investigation of the effects of diminazene aceturate (DA) and arteether (AR) on Trypanosoma brucei brucei experimental infection in rats. Materials and Methods: We used a total of 98 rats, which were divided into 14 groups (A-N) of seven rats each over 36 days after acclimatizing them. We administered 1×106 trypanosomes to the infected groups (B-N) with Group A as the unexposed control rats. Groups C-F became the infected and treated rats with 3.5 mg/kg, 7.0 mg/kg, 10.5 mg/kg, and 14.0 mg/kg of DA while Groups G-J became the infected and treated rats with 0.01 ml/kg, 0.02 ml/kg, 0.03 ml/kg, and 0.04 ml/kg of AR. Groups K-N became infected and treated rats with DA and AR combinations at similar doses. Results: Parasitemia suppression occurred in Groups G-J only but became cleared in Groups C-F and K-N. Survival time varied significantly (p<0.05) between Group B and the other infected groups. We recorded anemia in all the infected rats while significant (p<0.05) splenomegaly and hepatomegaly occurred in Groups G-J only compared to the other groups. Conclusion: AR did not inhibit or potentiate the anti-trypanosomal efficacy of DA, and therefore, it is comparatively less effective in combating T. brucei infection at the present doses and treatment regimen.

Sedative/Hypnotic Dependence: Patient Stabilization, Tolerance Testing, and Withdrawal

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 532-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Perry ◽  
Bruce Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Hypnotic Drugs ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tolerance Testing

Physical dependence to sedative/hypnotic drugs is not an uncommon clinical problem. The withdrawal syndrome is analogous to alcohol withdrawal, except the duration of the syndrome occurs over a longer period of time with the symptoms being less intense than generally encountered with alcohol. The potential for withdawal reactions is probably greater for the shorter-acting agents than the longer-acting drugs. Potentially dependent sedative/hypnotic users require stabilization of their symptoms initially, followed by tolerance testing. If tolerant, the patients should be withdrawn using either a long-acting sedative/hypnotic (e.g., diazepam) or phenobarbital. Compared to other benzodiazepines and barbiturates, diazepam appears to be the drug of choice for treating dependent patients. Diazepam is rapidly adsorbed and distributed to the brain and therefore useful for stabilization and tolerance testing. It is metabolized on chronic administration to a long-acting metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, which makes the drug ideal for a tapered withdrawal schedule.

Indonesian Literature’s Position in World Literature

TEKNOSASTIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dina Amelia
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Voice

There are two most inevitable issues on national literature, in this case Indonesian literature. First is the translation and the second is the standard of world literature. Can one speak for the other as a representative? Why is this representation matter? Does translation embody the voice of the represented? Without translation Indonesian literature cannot gain its recognition in world literature, yet, translation conveys the voice of other. In the case of production, publication, or distribution of Indonesian Literature to the world, translation works can be very beneficial. The position of Indonesian literature is as a part of world literature. The concept that the Western world should be the one who represent the subaltern can be overcome as long as the subaltern performs as the active speaker. If the subaltern remains silent then it means it allows the “representation” by the Western.

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