Data Privacy and Security Law

This chapter discusses cybersecurity laws. Many measures employed to enhance cybersecurity pose a risk to privacy. In addition, data protection laws focus only on personally identifiable information, while cybersecurity is also concerned with securing economic data such as trade secrets and company databases, government information, and the systems that transmit and process information. As a practical matter, despite the prominence of security obligations in data protection legislation, these were often downplayed or ignored entirely until recent years. Only as cybersecurity threats became more pressing did regulators begin actively enforcing the security obligations found in most data protection laws. More recently, legislative bodies and regulators have begun adopting cybersecurity-specific obligations. However, even these have often mirrored or been combined with privacy protections, sometimes to the detriment of effective cybersecurity. The chapter describes major categories of cybersecurity law, including unfair or deceptive practices legislation, breach notification laws, and data destruction laws. It also considers the new focus on critical infrastructure and information sharing, the China Cybersecurity Law, and the new challenges to data privacy and security law.

Smart contracts in OTC derivatives trading: Legal aspects

The articles focuses on opportunities and problems connected with implementation of smart contracts into “over-the-counter” derivatives trading. The importance of success of professionals who work on this cannot be underestimated: the volume of “over-the-counter” derivatives market is huge, its automatization and transparency provided by implemented smart contracts could dramatically increase its economic efficiency. In this study, the author aims at answering the following question: what aspects of “over-the-counter” derivatives trading could take a quantum leap because of the implementation of smart contacts and, per contra, what aspects could not benefit from implementation of underlying technologies at all. The author starts with the overview of “over-the-counter” derivatives market, investigates the matter of its internal design, main features and the structure of legal documentation used by market participants. Then the article provides the analysis of smart contract phenomenon, summary of its engineering aspects and difficulties connected with the implementation of smart contracts as a practical matter, including underlying legal issues. The third part is a synthesis of ideas indicated in previous parts. Herein the author examines the perspectives of adoption of smart contracts in “over-the-counter” derivatives trading, identifies the problems that cannot be resolved yet: different parts of legal relations existing between market participants shall be structured in a flexible way and shall be subject to revision under specific conditions. Smart contracts in their turn cannot be considered as a flexible tool and the revision of their terms requires the input from highly experienced specialists that dramatically increases the costs of their implementation and maintenance. As a matter of conclusion, the author gives recommendation to potential developers of smart contacts to implement them only in relation to the automatization of payments and deliveries as at the moment the clearing can be considered as the most appropriate area for the implementation and use of smart contracts.

Synopsis of Manihot Species (Euphorbiaceae) with Non-lobed or Pinnately Lobed Leaves

A synopsis of 20 species of Manihot Mill. with non-lobed or pinnately lobed leaves is presented. Six of these species were included in the section Brevipetiolatae Pax by Rogers and Appan in the latest treatment of the genus. Molecular analyses show this is not a monophyletic section, although it is useful as a practical matter to treat this as a morphologically readily delimited group. We evaluate the species previously included in section Brevipetiolatae sensu Rogers and Appan, typify names where necessary, and synonymize the section. Twenty species are clarified and six lectotypes are designated. Three species previously put into synonymy, M. brachystachys Pax & K. Hoffm., M. linearifolia Müll. Arg., and M. mattogrossensis Pax & K. Hoffm., are here resurrected, and M. graminiformis M. Mend. & T. B. Cavalc. is described as a new species. An identification key and comments on the most similar morphological species, as well as ecological aspects and distribution for each species, are included.

COVID-19 and protests will shake up US cities

Significance These factors are stoking the urban civil unrest that has flared across the country in the last fortnight. What had seemed a practical matter of managing COVID-19 and post-pandemic economic recovery has become a profound ideological divide over urban inequality, police impunity and systemic racism. Impacts Civil unrest will worsen if political elites do not make post-pandemic recovery sufficiently inclusive. Cities good at reinvention will adapt to post-pandemic conditions, especially if they can retain talent. Cities with research and innovation clusters, postgraduates and high-tech infrastructure will have an advantage.

Christology in Digital Era: A Socio-systematic Theology Contribution to the Sustainable Smart Society

Theology, specifically speaking, Christology, owns exclusive position and tends react sentimentally toward secular disciplines out of its circle. Therefore, linking Christology and digital era falls to practical matter on how modern devices could be employed for religion advantages. This essay tries to evaluate reconciliation between them and see possibilities on how Christology could contribute to the sustainable smart society. However, divinity and technology are contrast square that offers less of space for dialogue, furthermore, it receives pessimistic tone concerning their health relationship. The expectation is, a socio-systematic sensitive approach of Christology may ground new perspective and results unexpected knowledge for the sustainable of smart society.

Our Love Affair with Drugs

Prescription, illicit, and recreational drugs touch all of our lives yet a basic understanding of these chemicals is largely absent among Americans. Jerrold Winter offers a comprehensive account of psychoactive drugs, chemicals which influence our brains in myriad ways. Manifestations of their influence on the brain are quite varied. There may be the comfort provided by opioids to those who are dying or in pain or, in everyday life, the surge of contentment for the users of caffeine, nicotine, heroin, alcohol, or marijuana upon the taking of their drug of choice. Turning to the more exotic, a drug such as LSD may alter the way the world looks to us; it may even inspire thoughts of God. Adding to the purely scientific questions which confront us are the ways in which our society chooses to respond to the presence of psychoactive drugs. Should they be banned and their users sent to prison, tolerated as a reflection of man's eternal search for an escape from anxiety, pain, and the monotony of daily life, or celebrated as therapeutically useful agents? Our Love Affair with Drugs is written for experts and novices alike. There are stories of, for example, how Timothy Leary caused the repeal of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. Readers will learn of the transformation by Sir Charles Locock of a drug intended to dampen female sexual activity into the first effective drug for the treatment of the ancient disease of epilepsy. Alexander Shulgin's love of psychoactive drugs and his unconventional research practices illuminate the story of methylenedioxymethamphetamine, a.k.a. Ecstasy, a drug now likely to find value in treating veterans and others suffering post-traumatic distress disorder. Winter links the excitement of drug discovery with the very practical matter of balancing the benefits and risks of these drugs.

Experimental plot size of passion fruit

The determination of the plot size is a practical matter pertinent to the experimental planning, and its optimal characterization allows to obtain higher precision and better quality in the results. Therefore, in this study, the main goal was to determine the plot size in experiments of passion fruit in two uniformity tests with Passiflora setacea and Passiflora alata. The experiment was constituted of a substrate at planting with 3 thirds of soil and 1 of barnyard manure. The soil was fertilizer with 3 kg of simple superphosphate and 0.5 kg of KCl by 1m³. Each species of Passiflora was considered a uniformity test with 40 basic units (BU). The evaluations of the experiments were done on 60 days after the transplant, noticing the tree’s height, stem’s diameter, number of leaves, number of buds, number of meristems and chlorophyll. Several plot sizes were simulated, in which each plant was first considered as a basic unit up to 40 plants per unit basic. For the estimation of optimum plot size, the maximum modified curvature method was used. The plot sizes varied with the specie, founding values as three to seven BU for Passiflora setacea and four BU to five for Passiflora alata.

If Your Rural Community Is Failing, Just Leave? The Revival of Place Prosperity in Rural Development Planning

Rural-urban disparities exposed by the Great Recession have rekindled interest in place prosperity approaches to rural development. The conventional wisdom has been skeptical about the efficacy of locality development, preferring to assist rural people to relocate. As a practical matter, however, people are not leaving. The secular trend toward metropolitanization may be ending, reviving interest in place prosperity. One strategy, sometimes termed the new natural resource economy, aims at place prosperity through innovative approaches to resource management and agriculture. We report some of the results of an empirical study of NNRE in Oregon and their implications practice and scholarship.

The Revivalism of Veiled Female Students: An Account of Their Views of Democracy in Indonesia

The issue of veiled female students has become a polemic, especially among the State Islamic Religious Colleges (PTKIN) in Indonesia. This has been caused, among others, not only by the fact that the issue of wearing veil for female students obstructs the process of learning activities, but it is also viewed as a sign of Islamic revivalism. In this context, Islamic revivalism is considered a barrier to Islamic moderatism promulgated by the state and the PTKIN. Nonetheless, excessive concern about revivalism is not always true. Azyumardi Azra once argued that revivalism does not always lead to radicalism and destructive matters. He calls it as “inward-oriented” revivalism, which is a form of personal religiosity in practicing religion and living it. This article attempts to examine the revivalism of the veiled female students based on their views of democracy in Indonesia. Employing the phenomenological approach, this study finds that the veiled female students hold a positive view of democracy in Indonesia as a means of welfare creation for society. They, however, assert that democracy in Indonesia should be rejuvenated. To them, democracy is not only a concept, but it is also a practical matter which must be present in the real-life of the Indonesian people. This view demonstrates inward-oriented revivalism, not the radical-destructive one.