scholarly journals Root system and resistance to penetration of Mombaça grass fertilized with nitrogen and irrigated

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 3243
Author(s):  
Tatiane Beloni ◽  
Vanessa Cristina Piotto ◽  
Gracielle Caroline Mari ◽  
Alyson Andrade Pinheiro ◽  
Cassio Antonio Tormena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Grass Sward ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

High stocking rates in intensive pasture-based animal production systems may compromise the development of the forage roots due to increased resistance in the surface layer. This study tested the hypothesis that an increase in stocking rate resulting from different levels of nitrogen fertilization in irrigated Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça) pasture under intermittent grazing could increase resistance to penetration and consequently the growth of the root system. A split-plot design with randomized blocks and subplots was used, including three replications and the following four treatments: 0, 200, 400 and 800 kg N ha?1 year. Evaluations performed in spring, summer and fall seasons were assigned as subplots. The highest values for area, diameter, length and percentage of root biomass (91.4%) were concentrated at the 0-10 cm soil depth, which is explained by the lower penetration resistance in this layer. Increased stocking rate resulting from increased levels of nitrogen in the Mombaça grass sward does not directly affect the penetration resistance of the soil or root characteristics. However, in the rainy season, higher nitrogen levels lead to increased resistance, as they provide higher cumulative stocking rates in this period.

White clover incorporation at high nitrogen application levels: results from a 3-year study

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Guy ◽  
D. Hennessy ◽  
T. J. Gilliland ◽  
F. Coughlan ◽  
B. McClearn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Clover Content

Context High nitrogen (N)-fertiliser application levels and high stocking rates have been shown to optimise herbage dry-matter (DM) production in grass-only systems. Conversely, swards including white clover (Trifolium repens L.) are commonly suited to production systems at low N-fertiliser application levels (<150 kg N/ha) and low stocking rates (fewer than two livestock units (LU) per hectare). Despite this, the use of N fertiliser on grass–clover swards has generally increased during the past few decades, particularly in more intensively managed swards under dairy farming. Increasing inorganic N decreases sward white clover content in grass–clover swards, and increasing stocking rate on grass–clover swards can result in damage to white clover plants. However, under high N-application levels, a high stocking rate can also potentially minimise the negative effects of increased grass growth on sward white clover content. Aims The objective of the present study was to investigate the persistency of white clover in an intensive animal-grazing system, under a high N-fertiliser application level (250 kg N/ha) and at a high stocking rate (2.75 LU per hectare) over a 3-year period (2014–2016). Methods The study was a 2 × 2 factorial design, consisting of two perennial ryegrass ploidies (diploid, tetraploid) and two white clover treatments (grass-only, grass–clover). Four sward treatments (diploid-only, tetraploid-only, diploid + clover, tetraploid + clover) were evaluated over a full grazing season at a system scale. Sward measurements were taken at each grazing occasion for 3 years. Key results Over the 3 years, grass–clover swards produced an additional 1468 kg DM/ha when compared with grass-only swards. Sward white clover content decreased by 17% over the three study years. Conclusions This decrease in sward white clover content led to a decrease in contribution to cumulative herbage DM production. Implications Although the present study showed that white clover inclusion can increase herbage DM production at high N-fertiliser application levels, in association with high stocking rates, the initial extra herbage DM production on grass–clover swards decreased each year. Further studies should be undertaken to investigate whether the decline in white clover persistence observed is progressive over a longer time period.

Hay conservation for cattle on winter-grazed green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume) pasture in south-eastern Queensland

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (124) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Scattini
Keyword(s):  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Supplementation Period ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Stocking Rates

The effects of stocking rate and hay conservation on liveweight gains of weanling Hereford cattle grazing a green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume cv. Petrie) pasture in winter and spring only were measured over seven years. A 2 x2 factorial experiment included stocking rates of 1 .5 and 2 . 5 animals/ha, with and without hay conservation. Protein supplementation using a mixture of cottonseed meal and urea was an additional treatment in two winters. Stocking rate had little effect on pasture yields at the start of grazing or on hay yields. The mean liveweight gains per animal at stocking rates of 1 . 5 and 2.5 animals/ha were 69 and 50 kg, respectively, on non-conserved pasture, and 86 and 54 kg on conserved pasture. Liveweight gain response to conservation was greater at the lighter stocking rate and appeared due to greater accessibility of higher quality pasture in situ rather than to feeding of hay per se. At the light stocking rate, little or no hay was required. Feeding protein produced 6 kg more liveweight gain per animal during the supplementation period in the two winters but this advantage disappeared by the end of grazing. Liveweight gain per hectare decreased with increased stocking rate in both hay and no-hay groups in the first and third year, decreased in the hay group only in the second year and increased in both groups in the last four years of the experiment. The benefit from making and feeding hay was small and the economics of the practice would depend on alternative uses for excess hay.

Effects of fertilizer and stocking rate on pasture and beef production from sown pastures in north Cape York Peninsula. 2. Beef production and its relation to blood, faecal and pasture measurements

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (85) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
WH Winter ◽  
LA Edye ◽  
WT Williams
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The animal production from two grass/legume pastures was measured over three years. The pastures were grazed at four stocking rates and annually received one of three maintenance rates of phosphorus fertilizer. The animals were given a phosphorus supplement at two rates. The grasses were either Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk or Panicum maximum (common guinea grass) each sown with Stylosanthesguyanensis cv. Endeavour and Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro. The grasses had little effect on animal production although three Panicum pastures at higher stocking rates became overgrazed and required destocking during the experiment. Even though 73.5 kg ha-1 of phosphorus was used to establish the pastures, the maintenance rate of 40 kg ha-1 gave higher production than the 10 kg ha-1 rate in the first two years. In the third year, production was similar for each fertilizer rate. There was a concomitant rise in faecal phosphorus level with fertilizer rate but no such effect with blood inorganic phosphorus levels. Over the three years of the experiment the liveweight gain per hectare was similar (mean of 0.54 kg per day) at 1.7 and 1.9 beasts ha-1 but was significantly less at lighter stocking rates. In the last two years stocking rate did not significantly affect liveweight gain per head. At the highest stocking rate, gains were greater during the wet season and losses greater during the dry season than those at the lowest stocking rate. The phosphorus supplement did not affect animal production but increased blood inorgainc phosphorus levels. The relationships of animal production with blood and faecal compositions and with the pasture measurements described in a previous paper are discussed.

Grazing time and pattern of grazing of Friesian cows on a tropical grass-legume pasture

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (72) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Time Of Feeding ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Pasture Yield ◽  
Friesian Cows

Grazing time and pattern of grazing were recorded for 40 milking Friesian cows grazing a Panicum maximum var. trichoglume-Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo pasture at stocking rates of 1.3, 1.6, 1.9 and 2.5 cows ha-1. These measurements were taken during summer and winter in a tropical upland environment. In a second experiment the effect on grazing time of feeding 4.5 kg crushed maize cow-1 day-1 was assessed using 16 milking Friesian heifers grazing P. maximum var. trichoglume-G. wightii cv. Tinaroo pasture at a stocking rate of 1.3 cows ha-1. Daily grazing time was similar at approximately 600 minutes in summer and winter, though in summer cows reduced day grazing and increased night grazing time. Reduction in day grazing was closely associated with daily maximum temperature. Grazing patterns showed a lower percentage of cows grazed during the middle of the day in summer than in winter and a higher percentage of cows grazed throughout summer nights than during winter nights. There was some evidence of a positive relationship between grazing time and milk yield. No significant relationship between pasture yield and grazing time was established. Feeding 4.5 kg maize cow-1 day-1 reduced grazing time per day by approximately 15 per cent.

scholarly journals Sampling plan for using a motorized penetrometer in soil compaction evaluation

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindolfo Storck ◽  
Sarha G. K. Kobata ◽  
Betania Brum ◽  
André B. Soares ◽  
Alcir J. Modolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Sampling Plan ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Depth Ranges ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the size of blocks of observations of resistance to penetration, obtained by a motorized digital penetrometer, and the number of blocks with semi-amplitude of the confidence interval between 5 and 20% of the mean penetration resistance, for different soil depth ranges and cone diameters. Data were collected in two contrasting plots of a crop-livestock integration experiment, located in Abelardo Luz, SC, Brazil. Ten blocks were delimited and the resistance to penetration was determined in 20 points spaced by 20 cm, using a motorized digital soil penetrometer. To estimate the mean of resistance to penetration, 12 blocks of four points per experimental plot should be used for a semi-amplitude of the confidence interval equal to 10% of the mean (1 - p = 0.95). Twenty random points may be sampled to estimate mean of penetration resistance for a semiamplitude confidence interval of 10% of the man (1 - p = 0.95). The sample size for the layer of 0-10 cm is larger than in the deeper layers (0-20, 0-30 and 0-40 cm) and smaller for cones with larger diameter.

Milk yields of cows fed maize and molasses supplements to tropical pastures at two stocking rates

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan ◽  
TM Davison
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Supplement Intake ◽  
Friesian Cows

Twenty-four Friesian cows grazing green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume)-glycine (Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo) pastures at 2 or 4 cows ha-1 were fed no supplement, 2.4 kg maize or 3.0 kg molasses cow-1 day-1. The experiment was a randomized block design and of six months duration. Milk yield and composition were similar for cows fed maize and molasses and these supplements increased average milk yield from 10.3 to 11.8 kg cow-1 day-1 (P < 0.05). Increased stocking rate reduced milk yield from 12.7 to 9.8 kg cow-1 (P < 0.01). Interactions of stocking rate with type of supplement were not significant (P > 0.05). The level of supplement intake and yield of pasture on offer accounted for 52 per cent of the variation in average milk yields (P < 0.01). Of the variation in milk yields between paddocks only 5 per cent was unaccounted for by this relationship.

scholarly journals Determination of economic stocking rates for beef cattle grazing stargrass under two fertilizer levels

1969 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Mariano Antoni ◽  
Rafael Ramos ◽  
Américo Casas ◽  
Eugenio Marrero
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fertilizer System ◽  
Stocking Rates

Two meat production systems based on cattle grazing stargrass pastures under two fertilization levels were evaluated to determine which production system, stocking rate level, and selling time could be better used under different price scenarios to achieve maximum economic returns. Based on the findings of R. J. Jones and R. S. Sandland and other authors, it was assumed that the relationship between stocking rate and animal weight gain can be best represented by a simple linear model of the form y = a -bx over a wide range of stocking rates. To determine the equation parameters each system was grazed at three stocking rates and the straight line equation fitted at different periods. The price scenario prevailing at the conclusion of the study favored the utilization of the low fertilization system with a stocking rate close to 3.8 animals per hectare and selling the animals after 10 to 11 grazing months. This stocking rate should be lowered to 3.6 animals per hectare if a minimum finishing weight of 454 kg is required because of a 5% price discount for lighter animals. However, improvement on the price spread between animal purchase and selling price, or relatively sharp increase in meat price in relation to the fertilizer price could justify the utilization of the more capital intensive high fertilizer system. The selection of a particular production system and stocking rate should not be made independently of the current price levels since the latter will ultimately determine the success and failure of the system.

Effects of stocking rate and energy supplementation on milk production from tropical grass-legume pasture

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (77) ◽  
pp. 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan ◽  
IJR Byford ◽  
TH Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Temperate Pastures ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Tropical Grass

Forty Friesian cows were grazed continuously on a green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume)/glycine (Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo) pasture at stocking rates of 1.3, 1.6, 1.9 and 2.5 cows ha-1 for two years on the Atherton Tableland, Queensland. A supplement of 3.6 kg crushed maize cow-1 day-1 was fed for 50 days post-partum to half the cows in each group in both years. Milk yield per cow was reduced from 3811 kg lactation-1 at 1.3 cows ha-l to 3289 kg lactation-1 at 2.5 cows ha-1. With increasing stocking rate milk yield per hectare increased linearly to 8309 kg ha-1 at 2.5 cows ha-1. At 1.9 and 2.5 cows ha-1 cows lost weight over the two years and in late lactation levels of milk solids were often low. Also at these stocking rates cows had to be supplemented for up to 60 days during the main dry season. Legume content of the pasture declined linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing stocking rates. Maize feeding in early lactation increased milk yield over the total lactation by approximately 12 per cent, the response being 2.3 kg milk per kg maize fed, Response was greater at lighter stocking rates as cows in the heavier stocking rate treatments dried off prematurely. It was concluded that per hectare milk production from tropical grass/legume pastures can approach that from temperate pastures and that energy supplementation early in lactation would substantially increase per cow production.

Effects of fertilizer and stocking rate on pasture and beef production from sown pastures in northern Cape York Peninsula. 1. Botanical and chemical composition of the pastures

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (84) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
WH Winter ◽  
LA Edye ◽  
RG Megarrity ◽  
WT Williams
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Northern Cape ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Stocking Rates

The seasonal changes in the yield, botanical composition and chemical composition (nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur) of the pasture plants were measured in a grazing experiment over three years. The 48 treatments were factorial combinations of two different grasses with a common legume mixture, three annual maintenance rates of phosphorus fertilizer, four stocking rates of continuous grazing and two rates of phosphorus fed directly to the cattle. The pastures consisted of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk or Panicum maximum (common guinea grass) sown with Stylosanthes guyanensis cv. Endeavour and Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro. Brachiaria decumbens was more persistent than Panicum maximum when heavily stocked at low fertilizer phosphorus rates and in the latter half of each wet season the legume content of the Brachiaria pastures was lower. Of the two grasses, Panicum maximum contained the higher N, P and S contents. In the third year 20 kg ha-1 of phosphorus gave higher yields than 10 kg ha-1 without affecting the chemical or botanical composition of the pastures but 40 kg ha-1 decreased the legume content of the pastures and raised the phosphorus levels in stylo. Pasture yield decreased with increasing stocking rate with only minor effects on the botanical composition of the pastures. However, there was a concomitant increase in pasture quality, particularly in phosphorus content, with increasing stocking rate.

Management of grazing systems

1989 ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pastoral Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Stocking Rates

Recent assessments of the relative importance of stocking rate. stocking policy and grazing management on the output from pastoral systems are used as a starting point to argue the need for objective pasture assessments to aid control of livestock enterprises to meet production targets. Variations in stocking rates, stocking policy and other management practices all provide alternative means of control of pasture conditions which are the major determinants of pasture and animal performance. Understanding of the influence of pasture conditions on systems performance should provide a better basis for management control and for Communication between farmers, extension officers and researchers. Keywords: Stocking rate, pasture condition, pasture cover

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