scholarly journals Logical Subjects, Grammatical Subjects, and the Translation of Greek Person and Number Agreement

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Ettien N. Koffi
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Number Agreement ◽  
African Languages ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Logical Subject ◽  
Greek New Testament ◽  
The Subject

In Greek as well as in many languages, the verb agrees with its subject in number and in person. Such an agreement is reflected morphologically on the verb through suffixation. If the subject is a compound noun phrase, that is, NP + NP, the general tendency for Greek verbs is to agree with the NP closest to them. However, agreement can also be controlled by the logical subject, or the grammatical subject, or both. The present article argues that the failure to clearly identify the controller of agreement in Greek has led to translations that are exegetically and theologically questionable. This point is proven by the analysis of three key texts from the Greek New Testament and their translation into English, French, Spanish, and a number of African languages. The passages studied in this article are Galatians 1:8, 2 Thessalonians 2:16–17 and Colossians 2:1–2.

scholarly journals The Greek Perfect through Gothic Eyes: Evidence for the Existence of a Unitary Semantic for the Greek Perfect in New Testament Greek

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Crellin
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Pure State ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Classical Language ◽  
Koine Greek

The semantics of the later Koine Greek perfect have been the subject of considerable debate in recent years. For the immediately post-Classical language Haug (2004) has suggested that the perfect combines resultant state and XN semantics, unifiable under the framework of event realisation (Bohnemeyer & Swift 2004). The present article presents a modified unitary semantic in terms of participant property (Smith 1997), and assesses its validity with reference to the translation of the perfect indicative active into Gothic. It is found that, while non-state verbs are translated only with past-tense forms in Gothic, contrary to traditional and even many modern views of the Greek perfect, the perfect of both pure state and change-of-state verbs are compatible with both past and non-past tense readings. The fact that this is the case regardless of the diachronic pedigree of the perfect forms concerned is taken as evidence consistent with the existence of the proposed unitary semantic for the Greek perfect in the New Testament in the eyes of the Gothic translator.

Ambiguous Pronoun Resolution

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhani Järvikivi ◽  
Roger P.G. van Gompel ◽  
Jukka Hyönä ◽  
Raymond Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Pronoun Resolution ◽  
Structure Building ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
The Subject

A visual-world eye-tracking experiment investigated the influence of order of mention and grammatical role on resolution of ambiguous pronouns in Finnish. According to the first-mention account, general cognitive structure-building processes make the first-mentioned noun phrase the preferred antecedent of an ambiguous pronoun. According to the subject-preference account, the preferred antecedent is the grammatical subject of the preceding clause or sentence. Participants listened to sentences in either subject-verb-object or object-verb-subject order; each was followed by a sentence containing an ambiguous pronoun that referred to either the subject or the object. Participants' eye movements were monitored while they looked at pictures representing the two possible antecedents of each pronoun. Analyses of the fixations on the pictures showed that listeners used both order-of-mention and grammatical-role information to resolve ambiguous pronouns.

scholarly journals Die betroubaarheid van die Nuwe Testament vanuit 'n tekskritiese oogpunt

1988 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Petzer
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Greek New Testament ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Past State

The reliability of the New Testament from a text-critical point of view In this article the present and past state of the text of the Greek New Testament is subjected to evaluation, with the purpose of determining the reliability of the text for exegesis and translation. The subject is approached historically and centers around the discussion of the Textus Receptus, the text of Westcott and Hort and the latest editions of The Greek New Testament by the United Bible Societies, together with the 26th edition of the Nestle-Aland series of texts. A judgement is also made as to possible alternatives for the above-mentioned texts and the claims of other methodological groups are put to the test. A final conclusion as to the reliability of the text is followed by an attempt to discuss the consequences of the conclusions for the general use of the Greek New Testament.

A Code Mixing Analysis of Javanese Community at Karang Anyar

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Merina Devira
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Syntactic Pattern ◽  
The Subject

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan tentang faktor-faktor yangmempengaruhi penggunaan code mixing pada komunitas suku Jawa di desa Karang Anyar,Langsa, serta untuk menjelaskan pola sintaks yang terbentuk pada percakapan code mixingtersebut melalui diagaram pohon. Untuk mengumpulkan data, penelitian ini menggunakantiga metode: observasi, rekaman, dan wawancara. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 15 orangbersuku Jawa yang berumur 20-60 tahun. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah rekaman wawancarapara subjek dan rekaman percakapan para subjek yang terdapat tuturan code mixing. Hasildari penelitian ini menunjukkan tentang faktor yang mempengaruhi code mixing di desatersebut dan pola sintaks pada percakapan komunitas Jawa yang mengandung code mixingdalam hal penggunaan fase kata kerja, kata benda, kata bantu, dan kata seru.Kata kunci: code mixing, analisis, komunitas suku Jawa, pola sintaksABSTRACTThe aims of this research are to describe the factors influencing the use of code mixingin the Javanese community at Karang Anyar Village, Langsa, then to describe the syntacticpatterns in the code mixing of conversations uttered in that community by using a treediagram. To collect data, this study used three methods: observation, recording, and interviewmethod. The subjects of this study are 15 people of Javanese community aged 20-60 yearsold. The data in this research are the subject interview recordings and the subjects speechJavanese community at Karang Anyar Village Langsa in which code mixing are found. Theresult of this study showed two findings about the factors influencing the use of code mixing inthe Javanese community and the syntactic pattern in the conversation of Javanese communityin terms of the use of verb phrase (VP), noun phrase (NP), auxiliary, and interjection.Keywords: A Code Mixing, Analysis, Javanese Community, Syntactic Pattern

Features of optative modality in Macedonian language (with emphasis on the functionalities of independent da-construction)

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-323
Author(s):  
Natalya I. Kikilo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Natural Context ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Text Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ritual Context

In the Macedonian literary language the analytic da-construction used in an independent clause has a wide range of possible modal meanings, the most common of which are imperative and optative. The present article offers a detailed analysis of the semantics and functions of the Macedonian optative da-construction based on fiction and journalistic texts. The first part of the article deals with the specificities of the optative as a category which primarily considers the subject of a wish. In accordance with the semantic characteristics of this category, optative constructions are used in those discourse text types where the speakers are explicitly designated (the most natural context for the optative is the dialogue). The analysis of the Macedonian material includes instances of atypical usage of the optative da-construction, in which the wish of the subject is not apparent and thereby produces new emotional tonalities perceptible to the reader of a fiction/journalistic text. The study describes Macedonian constructions involving two different verb forms: 1) present tense form (da + praes) and 2) imperfective form (da + impf). These constructions formally designate the hypothetical and counterfactual status of the optative situation, respectively. Thus, the examples in the analysis are ordered according to two types of constructions, which reflect the speaker’s view on the probability of the realisation of his/her wish. Unrealistic wishes can be communicated through the present da-construction, while the imperfective construction denotes situations in which the wish can be realised in the future. The second part of the article is devoted to performative optative da-constructions, which express formulas of speech etiquette, wishes and curses. The analysis demonstrates that these constructions lose their magical functions, when used outside of the ritual context, and begin to function as interjections.

The relative verb forms of Cuwabo (Bantu P34) as contextually oriented participles

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-491
Author(s):  
Rozenn Guérois ◽  
Denis Creissels
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Subject ◽  
North Western

AbstractCuwabo (Bantu P34, Mozambique) illustrates a relativization strategy, also attested in some North-Western and Central Bantu languages, whose most salient characteristics are that: (a) the initial agreement slot of the verb form does not express agreement with the subject (as in independent clauses), but agreement with the head noun; (b) the initial agreement slot of the verb form does not express agreement in person and number-gender (or class), but only in number-gender; (c) when a noun phrase other than the subject is relativized, the noun phrase encoded as the subject in the corresponding independent clause occurs in post-verbal position and does not control any agreement mechanism. In this article, we show that, in spite of the similarity between the relative verb forms of Cuwabo and the corresponding independent verb forms, and the impossibility of isolating a morphological element analyzable as a participial formative, the relative verb forms of Cuwabo are participles, with the following two particularities: they exhibit full contextual orientation, and they assign a specific grammatical role to the initial subject, whose encoding in relative clauses coincides neither with that of subjects of independent verb forms, nor with that of adnominal possessors.

Gravity Models in International Trade: An Exploration in Econo-Physics

2021 ◽  
pp. 227797872198992
Author(s):  
Iman Pal ◽  
Saibal Kar
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Gravity Models ◽  
Scientific Applications ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Pattern Recognition Techniques ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Jel Classifications

Several strands of the static and dynamic theoretical constructs and the empirical applications in the subject of economics owe substantially to the well-known principles of physical sciences. The present article explores as to how the development of the popular gravity models in international trade can be traced back to Newton’s law of gravitation, and to both Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law of current electricity, as well as to the pattern recognition techniques commonly deployed in scientific applications. In addition to surveying these theoretical analogies, the article also offers numerical applications for observed trade patterns between India and a set of countries. JEL Classifications: F41, F42, C61, F47

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