Evaluation of Cow Factors and Milk Composition on Freezing Point Depression of Cow Milk

Values of milk indicators (MIs) can be influenced by sampling errors and milk manipulation. This paper estimated the freezing point depression (FPD) and other MIs drifts which can cause fat movement. That is important for: – preparation of reference milk samples (MSs) for proficiency testing and instrument calibrations; – estimation of the impact of milk treatment as centrifugation in dairy plants on FPD. Five MSs (A = original milk; milk with modified fat (F) content; B = less F, C = low F, D = more F, E = high F) were created (gravitation F separation at 4 °C for 12 hours) with the same milk matrix 12× per year. F averages increased by 4.80% (122.1%) from 1.68 to 6.48% due to manipulation. It increased variability of MIs especially for SNF (solids non fat), L (lactose) and CP (crude protein). SCC (somatic cell count) averages increased by 803 (196.8%) from 9 to 812 thousand.ml−1. Correlation (r) F × SCC was 0.85 (P < 0.001). SNF, L and CP averages decreased by 0.47% (5.3%), 0.31% (6.3%) and 0.17% (5.0%). Correlations were −0.78, −0.75 and −0.64 (P < 0.001). Urea decreased along with F increase by 1.05 mg.100ml−1 (2.9%) but with r −0.13 (P > 0.05). Acetone increased by 1.37 mg.l−1 (47.6%) with r 0.21 (P > 0.05). Electrical conductivity decreased by 0.23 mS.cm−1 (6.0%) with r −0.15 (P > 0.05). Alcohol stability was reduced by 0.14 ml (23.3%) with r −0.15 (P > 0.05). FPD, titration and actual acidity were not influenced.

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Evaluation of Milk Yield and Milk Composition of Honamlı Goats

Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society ◽

10.12681/jhvms.26760 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 2747

Author(s):

AA AKBAŞ ◽

F TAŞÇI ◽

Ö ELMAZ ◽

M SAATCI

Keyword(s):

Somatic Cell ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Total Solid ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Freezing Point Depression ◽

Total Solids ◽

Somatic Cell Counts ◽

Cell Counts

The aim of this study was to determine the milk yield and milk composition (total solids, fat, protein and lactose), freezing point depressionand somatic cell counts of Honamlı goat during second lactationin Turkey. The animal material of the study consisted of a total of 30 goat. Total milk yield was detected by using Fleischmann’s method. Milk composition was analyzed by Bentley 150, and somatic cells were counted by Bentley Somacount FC. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the effect of lactation stages on milk yield and milk composition. In the study, mean lactation period and lactation milk yield of Honamlı goat were detected as 202.4 days, and 92.6 kg, respectively. The percentages of fat, protein, lactose, total solid, freezing point depression, and somatic cell counts /mL of milk were 2.4%, 4.2%, 5.1%, 12.7%, -0.57 °C, 82.8 and 2.9%, 4.2%, 4.7%, 12.7%, -0.59 °C, 483 on the 60th and 120thlactation day respectively. Total solids, fat, and protein values significantly increased especially towards the end of lactation (P <0.05). Lactose value decreased slowly from the beginning to the end of lactation. The somatic cell counts increased in milk particularly at the end of lactation (P < 0.05). The freezing point depression remained stable throughout lactation. It was thought that results of study were important representing the second lactation milk production of Honamlı goats that is one of the native goat breeds of Turkey.

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Selected abiotic factors that influence raw cow milk freezing point depression

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201281010049 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 49-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Oto Hanuš ◽

Kristýna Hanušová ◽

Marcela Vyletělová ◽

Tomáš Kopec ◽

Libor Janů ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Cattle Breed ◽

Estimation Procedure ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Freezing Point Depression ◽

Water Addition ◽

Water Steam ◽

The Right

Freezing point depression (FPD) is an important property of milk that is influenced primarily by milk components connected to osmotic pressure. Under certain conditions it is possible to detect the addition of water to milk. It is necessary to have the right FPD limit in legislation for milk quality control. The aim of this study was to improve the estimation procedure of this limit. Apart from factors related to dairy cow nutrition, cattle breed and milk yield, it is important to take into account CO2 (6%), water steam evaporation and pasteurization under technological conditions. Bulk milk samples (1, 30, 6, 6, 10, 1 according to experiment) from Holstein and Czech Fleckvieh breed (1:1) were used in the experiments and technologically treated. The effects of water addition (water saturated and unsaturated by CO2), carbon dioxide evaporation and pasteurization (80 °C for 22 min) were quantified. Pasteurization aggravation of FPD was -0.00394 ± 0.00171 ºC (P < 0.001). Aggravation due to carbon dioxide evaporation could be -0.00383 ± 0.00095 ºC (P < 0.001) depending on practice. Increase in FPD is recorded after milking during technological procedures of milk storage, mixing, pumping, transport shaking and warming. During FPD shift, the acuteness of FPD data sets increases. This fact should be considered in the process of deriving standard raw cow milk FPD limits. Similar experimental analysis of milk FPD technological shifts has not been performed in this way until now.

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Differences of some indicators of raw milk properties and especially mineral composition between small ruminants as compared to cows in the Czech Republic

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200856050051 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 51-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Oto Hanuš ◽

Marcela Vyletělová ◽

Václava Genčurová ◽

Irena Hulová ◽

Hana Landová

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Goat Milk ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Cow Milk ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Positive Effects ◽

True Protein

Sheep and goat farming is returning back into the Czech Republic (CR) because of positive effects of alternative milk consumption on human health. Especially the elements Ca and Mg are important for nutrition. Paper presents the comparison of mineral milk composition of goats (White short–haired–W, n = 60), sheep (Tsigai–C, n = 60) and cows (Holstein–H, n = 36; Czech Fleckvieh–B, n = 93). Cow milk results were considered as reference. The herds were kept at altitude 260 m (H), 360 m (B), and 572 m above sea level (W, C) with total precipitation 449, 700 and 1200 mm per year and mean air temperatures 9.6, 7.0 and 3.7 °C. Bulk milk samples (4–8 animals in sample) from the first two thirds of the lactation and the winter and summer season were investigated. Goat milk freezing point differed from other species (P < 0.001), −0.6048 for C < −0.5544 W < −0.5320 H < −0.5221 °C for B. Cow milk Ca values were comparable to former results although milk yield (MY) was higher. Along lower MY the Ca was higher (1299.6 > 1172.0 mg . kg−1; P < 0.001) in B than H, similar trend was in Mg (122.0 > 107.4 mg . kg−1; P<0.001). Differences (P > 0.05) between species were in Ni and also mostly in Cu. Iodine results differed between species but not between cow breeds (P < 0.001; 462.8 H and 434.9 B > 126.0 W and 164.2 μg . l−1 C). It could be explainable by using of I disinfection at teat treatment in cows and absence of treatment in small ruminants. Macroelements were mostly highest (Ca, P, Na, Mg) in sheep milk, with exception of K. Phosphorus values (950.1 H, 1016.9 B, 1042.6 W and 1596.7 mg . kg−1 C) in species were linked with crude or true protein and casein values. Small ruminant milk could be good source of minerals for human nutrition, especially in the case of Ca and Mg of sheep and goat milk.

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The relationship in the cow between the osmotic pressure of milk and of blood

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900018392 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 79-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

J. V. Wheelock ◽

J. A. F. Rook ◽

F. H. Dodd

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Osmotic Pressure ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Milk Secretion ◽

Freezing Point Depression ◽

Short Period ◽

The Relationship ◽

Slight Alteration

SummarySimilar, marked variations in the freezing-point depressions of jugularvenous blood and of milk throughout a day were observed in cows when drinkingwater was offered for a single, short period each day. Values for milk were found to agree more closely, however, with those for mammary-venous blood than with those for jugular-venous blood. It appears that milk is in osmotic equilibrium with the blood flowing through the udder continuously throughout the period the milk remains within the udder and not only during its formation, and that milk secretion causes a slight alteration in the osmotic pressure of fluids within the immediate locality of the mammary gland. Changes in the milk composition that occurred in association with the observed changes in freezing-point depression were consistent with a movement of water into or out of the udder in response to any change in the osmotic pressure of blood.

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Associations between Mammary Gland Echotexture and Milk Composition in Cows

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10112005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2005

Author(s):

Tomasz Schwarz ◽

Nelia Scheeres ◽

Martyna M. Małopolska ◽

Maciej Murawski ◽

Tristan D. Agustin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Freezing Point Depression ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Citric Acid Content ◽

Friesian Cows

Thirty clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows underwent twice daily machine milking and ultrasonographic examinations of the udder just prior to and after milking. Digital ultrasonographic images of each udder quarter were subjected to computer-assisted echotextural analyses to obtain mean numerical pixel values (NPVs) and pixel heterogeneity (PSD) of the mammary gland parenchyma. The average milk yield and pH were higher (p < 0.05) in the morning, whereas crude fat, total solids, solids non-fat and citric acid content were higher (p < 0.05) during the evening milking period. Mean NPVs and PSDs of the mammary gland parenchyma were greater (p < 0.05) after than before milking. There were significant correlations among echotextural characteristics of the udder and protein percentage, lactose content and freezing point depression determined in the milk samples collected in the morning and crude protein, casein, lactose and solids non-fat in the evening. Our results can be interpreted to suggest that computerized analysis of the mammary gland ultrasonograms has the makings of a technique for estimating non-fat milk constituents in cows. However, future validating studies are necessary before this method can be employed in commercial settings and research. Moreover, significant inter-quarter differences in udder echogenicity may necessitate further echotextural studies of separate quarters.

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Chosen biotic factors influencing raw cow milk freezing point

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201159050065 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 65-82

Author(s):

Oto Hanuš ◽

Yunhai Zhang ◽

Marek Bjelka ◽

Josef Kučera ◽

Petr Roubal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Freezing Point ◽

Physical Property ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Water Addition ◽

Protein Ratio ◽

Physiological Factors ◽

Milk Urea ◽

Dairy Cow Nutrition

The milk freezing point depression (FPD) is important physical property. FPD is influenced by milk composition especially by components with osmotic pressure activity and by other physiological factors. There is possible to indicate a foreign (extraneous) water addition into milk by FPD. This is necessary to have a good estimated legislative FPD discrimination limit (FPD–L) for purpose of milk quality control. This paper was aimed at obtaining information to improve such estimation. Impacts factors as season variations, estimated state of dairy cow nutrition and some milk components and properties on milk FPD and their relations to FPD were quantified (n 11 540 – 72 607 bulk raw cow milk samples). The highest FPD was in Spring (−0.52097 ± 0.004877 °C), the lowest in Autumn (−0.52516 ± 0.005725 °C; P < 0.001). Correlation between FPD and lactose was 0.35 (P < 0.001). 12% and 5.4% of FPD variability is explainable by lactose and casein variability. Relationship between FPD and urea (U) was 0.26 (P < 0.001) in March. The worst FPD was in group with presupposed (according to milk urea and protein combination) nitrogen matter (NM) and energy (E) insufficiency (−0.51855 ± 0.007288 °C). The best FPD was in group with presupposed NM and E surplus in feeding ration (−0.52536 ± 0.004785 °C; P < 0.001). The FPD was worse in suspicion on E deficiency (on the basis of fat/crude protein ratio) as compared to presumption for balanced E nourishment of dairy herds (−0.52105 ± 0.006436 °C > −0.52244 ± 0.005367 °C; P < 0.001). Results can improve the estimation of objective FPD–L.

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