EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MAIN PATHOGENS AND PESTS IN AN APPLE ORCHARD IN NORTHEASTERN ROMANIA IN 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Cristina Ionela Turcu ◽  
Agurița Aftudor Manolache ◽  
Ionel Perju ◽  
Simona Mihaela Chelaru ◽  
Margareta Corneanu
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Fruit Growing

"The researches were carried out in 2019 in an apple plantation with Jonathan, Golden Delicious, Starkrimson varieties grafted on MM106 in the fields of the Fălticeni Development Centre belonging to the Development Research Station for Fruit Growing Iași (North Eastern Romania). The climatic conditions in 2019 were favorable for the development of pathogens Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha and Monilinia fructigena. In the conditions of fungicide treatments, the varieties sensitive to apple scab on fruits were Starkrimson and Golden Delicious with an attack degree between 4.5 and 10.5%. Pest species Cydia pomonella and Adoxophyes reticulana showed a frequency of attack of 45% and 15%, respectively in the case of untreated control. The results of the studies highlight the importance of applying phytosanitary treatments correlated with climatic conditions and resistance of varieties to the attack of diseases and pests."

scholarly journals MOLECULAR SCREENING OF SOME ROMANIAN APPLE CULTIVARS FOR SCAB RESISTANCE GENES

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Mădălina Militaru ◽  
Monica Sturzeanu ◽  
Adina Iancu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Scab Resistance ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Breeding Center ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Almost All

Apple scab, incided by the fungus Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., is a devastating disease of apple reported from almost all apple producing Romanian areas, which causes up to 70% losses of production. Molecular markers were used for detection of scab resistance genes in 22 old and introduced apple cultivars ('Romus 3', 'Romus 5', 'Rebra', 'Rustic', 'Nicol', 'Colmar', 'Colonade', registered by Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti; 'Generos', 'Iris', 'Irisem', 'Luca', 'Ciprian', 'Cezar', 'Remar', 'Valery', 'Real', registered by Research Station for Fruit Growing Voinesti, Dambovita; 'Aura', 'Starkprim', 'Ionaprim', 'Bistritean', registered by Research Station for Fruit Growing Bistrita and old cultivars: 'Domnesc', 'Cretesc'). The presence of scab resistance genes were detected using the molecular markers: AL-07 (SCAR), AM19 (SCAR), VfC for Rvi6 (Vf) gene, AD13 (SCAR) for Rvi4 (Vr1) gene, OPL19 (SCAR) for Rvi2 (Vh2) and Rvi8 (Vh8) genes and OPB12 (STS) for Rvi5 (Vm) gene. The Rvi6 gene was detected in 17 cultivars from different breeding center. The marker AD13 presents in genome of 8 cultivars, such as 'Romus 3', 'Romus 5', 'Generos', 'Iris', 'Irisem', 'Cezar', 'Remar', 'Aura'. The Rvi5 gene was revealed in 3 cultivars ('Nicol', 'Generos', 'Irisem'), only.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Organic Apple Production in Kentucky

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Williams ◽  
John G. Strang ◽  
Ricardo T. Bessin ◽  
Derek Law ◽  
Delia Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Apple Production

Although the interest in and production acreage of organic fruit and vegetables has grown in recent years, there are questions about the viability of perennial crops such as apple (Malus ×domestica) in an organic system in Kentucky because of the long, hot, and humid growing season. Thus, the objective of this project was to assess the severity of the challenges to organic apple production in Kentucky. A high-density, organic apple orchard was established in 2007 in the University of Kentucky Horticultural Research Farm in Lexington. The orchard of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)–resistant ‘Redfree’, ‘Crimson Crisp’, and ‘Enterprise’ trees on ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9) rootstock, trained in a vertical axis system, was managed using organically certified techniques and materials for disease and insect control since its inception. Tree growth, tree and fruit injury from insect pests and diseases, and yield over the period 2011–13 were studied. Periodic, shallow cultivation kept the ground beneath the trees free of vegetation once the lower limbs were pulled up and away from the path of the equipment. Vole (Microtus sp.) damage was a continuing problem despite the use of trunk guards and cultivation to remove habitat around the trees. Total fruit yield ranged from 1.2 to 8.1 kg/tree across years and cultivars, with the marketable proportion of the total yield averaging 68% for Redfree and 43% for Crimson Crisp and Enterprise over the 3-year period. The unmarketable fruit exhibited a high incidence of plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) damage, with generally less damage from codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and sooty blotch (Glosodes pomigena)/flyspeck (Schizathyrium pomi). In addition, in two of the three seasons, ‘Crimson Crisp’ and ‘Enterprise’, which were harvested at later calendar dates then ‘Redfree’, had significant levels of powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) injury, ‘Enterprise’ had significantly greater bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata), and ‘Crimson Crisp’ showed fruit and foliar damage from cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae). Because ‘Redfree’ was the only cultivar with an acceptable marketable proportion of the fruit crop, the use of early ripening disease-resistant apple cultivars may have the greatest potential for successful organic apple production in Kentucky and the surrounding region.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Sterol-Inhibiting Fungicides on the Control of Scab Disease (Venturia Inaequalis) in Apple Tree

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 101-103
Author(s):  
Edlira Shahinasi ◽  
Ferdi Brahushi
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Disease Index ◽  
Golden Delicious

Apple scab, caused by Venturia Inaequalis is one of the most problematic diseases of apples in Korça region. The control of this disease requires different applications of fungicides. The aim of the study was the estimation of efficacy of sterol-inhibiting fungicides such as myclobutanil and penconazole on the control of scab disease. The effectiveness of fungicides was evaluated for two cultivars Golden Delicious and Starking and the minimum and the maximum recommended doses were applied. The obtained results showed that scab prevalence in leave ranges from 79.2% to 85.6% respectively in untreated trees of Golden Delicious and Starking cultivars. The scab prevalence of leaves in apples treated with pesticides ranges from 18.1% in Golden Delicious cultivar to 22.2% in Starking cultivar, meanwhile the scab prevalence in fruit varies from 4.2% in Starking cultivar to 6.1% in Golden Delicious cultivar.  The disease index of leave in untreated control varies from 38.4% to 40.1% respectively for Golden Delicious cultivar and Starking cultivar, while the severity of fruit in untreated trees varies from 45.6% in Starking cultivar to 49.0% in Golden cultivar. Therefore, the data showed that the uses of sterol-inhibiting fungicides were effective in the control of scab disease.

scholarly journals Farm-scale evaluation of two widely used sanitation practices for reducing primary inoculums of apple scab in organic apple production

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb ◽  
A. Rózsa ◽  
F. Abonyi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Scale Level ◽  
Scale Evaluation ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Fallen Leaves

Effects of two widely used sanitation practices were evaluated at farm-scale level on leaf degradation and primary infection by Venturia inaequalis in an organic apple orchard (Eperjeske) on two apple cultivars (Jonathan and Prima) from 2011 to 2013. The tested sanitation practices were eradication of fallen leaves by collection and disc cultivation. Treatments of eradication of fallen leaves by collection and disc cultivation reduced signifi cantly (P< 0.001) leaf litter density with 70–85 and 40–55%, respectively, compared to untreated plots in both years. Above treatments in the same order reduced spring scab incidence with 40–50, and 10–20%, respectively, compared to untreated plots. Incidence of leaf scab in autumn was not signifi cantly lower (P< 0.05) in the treatments in the years.

scholarly journals Organic apple growing using sanitation treatments against apple scab

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Abonyi ◽  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Lime Sulphur ◽  
Fallen Leaves

Effects or sanitation practices were evaluated on primary and autumn infection by Venturia inaequalis in an organic apple orchard at Eperjeske on the moderately scab-susceptible apple cultivar Jonathan in 2005 and 2006. Evaluated sanitation practices were: i) collection of fallen leaves in autumn; ii) destroying fallen leaves by disc cultivation in autumn; iii) spraying fallen leaves with 2% lime sulphur in autumn; iv) spraying fallen leaves with 2% lime sulphur in autumn and then collection of fallen leaves in autumn; and v) untreated control. In both years, most sanitation practices reduced significantly (P< 0.05) scab incidence in the primary infection periods compared to untreated control. The highest leaf scab incidence was observed in the untreated plots (26:2 and 24.3% in 2005 and 2006, respectively), while the lowest was in the treatments of spraying fallen leaves with 2% lime sulphur combined with collection of fallen leaves (11.7 and 12.3% in 2005 and 2006, respectively).

scholarly journals Spread apple scab in the western region of Ukraine

2016 ◽  
pp. 232-238
Author(s):  
A. Skoreyko
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Pathogen Destruction ◽  
The Western Region

The results of the survey to identify apple orchard pathogen destruction Venturia inaequalis in Chernivtsi and Zakarpattia regions. Minimum scab lesions observed in the Chernovtsy region Khotyn district (Farm «Mayak») on the varieties Golden, Glory winner, Idared.

Predicting apple leaf emergence from degree-day accumulation during the primary scab period

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Carisse ◽  
T. Jobin ◽  
G. Bourgeois
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Terminal Shoot

The severity of primary infections of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) is mainly determined by three components: the amount of primary inoculum, climatic conditions, and the amount of unprotected susceptible leaves. Prediction tools are available for the first two components but there are no tools to predict the emergence of apple leaves. The objective of this study was to develop degree-day models to predict emergence of both cluster and terminal shoot leaves during the primary scab period. The number of leaves per shoot was monitored during the primary infection period from 2003 to 2005 on three replicate apple trees of the cultivar Summerland McIntosh grafted on different rootstocks (M.9, MM.111, M.26) at one site and on trees of the cultivars Cortland, Empire, Lobo, McIntosh, Paulared and Spartan at two sites. There were no significant differences in the area under the leaf emergence curve (AULEC) for the different rootstocks and cultivars. The models were thus developed on data pooled over years, sites and cultivars. The rate of change in apple leaf emergence in response to degree-days (base temperature 5°C) accumulated from Apr. 01 was nonlinear with an initial lag phase followed by a linear response reaching a maximum after which the rate remained low or reached zero (no more new leaves). This response was well described by the Richards (R2 = 0.91) and the Weibull (R2 = 0.96) functions for the emergence of cluster and terminal shoot leaves, respectively. The models were tested against data not used for model development and provided an adequate prediction of the number of leaves per shoot (R2= 0.92 and 0.97). This new tool can be used to improve timing of fungicide applications against primary apple scab infections. Key words: Leaf development, phenologymodel, Malus domestica Borkh., Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint

scholarly journals Effect of Leaf Wetness Duration, Temperature, and Conidial Inoculum Dose on Apple Scab Infections

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Hartman ◽  
L. Parisi ◽  
P. Bautrais
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Leaf Wetness Duration ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Wetness Period ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Apple seedlings (2 months old, ‘Idared’ × ‘Golden Delicious’) were inoculated with conidia of Venturia inaequalis in order to study the effects of inoculum dose and leaf wetness duration on development of apple scab symptoms. For each experiment, the C3 curve (indicating heavy infection levels) was used as the basis for relating infection to temperature and leaf wetness duration. In one series of experiments, seedlings were treated with inoculum doses of 1.5, 5.4, 15.6, 32.2, 81.2, and 250 × 103 conidia/ml and leaves were kept wet during C3 infection periods at temperatures of 6, 11, 16, and 22°C. At all four temperatures, disease incidence (scab lesions/plant) increased with increasing inoculum doses up to about 81.2 × 103 conidia/ml. Disease incidence was lower at 22°C than at the other temperatures. In a second series of experiments, seedlings inoculated with 10 × 103 conidia/ml were kept moist for infection periods ranging from 0.6 to 2.0 times the C3 leaf wetness duration curve at 6, 11, 16, and 22°C. Disease incidence increased with increasing duration of leaf wetness and generally leveled off between 150 and 200% of the C3 curve. At this inoculum dose (10 × 103 conidia/ml), doubling the leaf wetness duration indicated by the C3 curve resulted in high disease incidence, similar to levels obtained with a higher inoculum (250 × 103 conidia/ml) and shorter wetness period (1.0 C3).

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