Development and Validation of a New Scale to Assess Attitudes and Perspectives Toward Persons With Disabilities

Objective To develop and validate a scale to assess people’s attitudes and perspectives toward persons with disabilities.Methods The three-stage development of the scale included a preliminary version drafted from the literature review and a nominal group process. Thereafter, the draft was examined further and revised through two rounds of Delphi survey by 16 disability experts. Lastly, the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed through an online survey of 1,359 employees at three university hospitals.Results A 32-item scale, defined after two Delphi surveys, was refined into 14 items with four subcategories: community integration, discomfort, charitability, and sense of burdening. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.839 and domain reliability from 0.638 to 0.845. Recent education on disabilities yielded more positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Meaningful acquaintances with disabilities yielded more positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities.Conclusion This newly developed scale that measures attitudes toward persons with disability is reliable and valid. A future use of the scale could be to measure attitudinal improvements toward persons with disabilities after awareness education.

Download Full-text

Attitudes toward Animals: The Effect of Priming Thoughts of Human-Animal Similarities and Mortality Salience on the Evaluation of Companion Animals

Society and Animals ◽

10.1163/156853009x393774 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 72-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Stephen Loughnan ◽

Michael Halloran ◽

Ruth Beatson

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Mortality Salience ◽

Companion Animals ◽

Negative Attitudes ◽

Pet Owners ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Attitudes Toward Animals ◽

Human Animal ◽

People’S Attitudes ◽

Attitudes Toward Pets

AbstractHuman attitudes toward nonhuman animals are complex and quite contradictory. They can range between extremely negative (animal cruelty) to positive (treating companion animals like human surrogates). Attitudes toward animals are especially negative when people think about human creatureliness and personal mortality. This paper investigates people's attitudes toward highly valued animals (companion animals). The research presented here tested whether companion-animal caregivers would respond to reminders of human creatureliness and mortality salience (MS) with more negative attitudes toward pets. Participants completed an online survey in which MS and human-creatureliness conditions were manipulated. Results showed that, under MS, even pet owners responded to reminders of human creatureliness with less positive attitudes toward the average pet. Thus, the effects observed in previous research extend to more popular animals, even among people with presumably positive attitudes toward animals.

Download Full-text

A Cross-sectional Online Survey on Public Attitudes towards Wearing Face Masks and Washing Hands to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.6907 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (E) ◽

pp. 1238-1243

Author(s):

Hotma Rumahorbo ◽

Priyanto Priyanto ◽

Atin Karjatin

Keyword(s):

Positive Attitude ◽

Online Survey ◽

Confounding Factor ◽

Public Attitudes ◽

Age Groups ◽

Young Generation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

People’S Attitudes

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 infection spreads quickly and easily, hence people are required to obey health protocols. Attitudes play an important role in building people’s readiness to use face masks and wash hands. AIM: The study aims at analyzing several factors influencing people’s attitudes towards wearing face masks and washing hands in Indonesia. METHODS: The study employs a cross-sectional online survey involving 400 adult respondents in the Java region from July to September 2020. RESULTS: Of 400 respondents, 54.3% showed positive attitudes toward wearing face masks and 59.3% towards washing hands. The multivariate analysis showed that people’s attitudes towards wearing face masks were influenced by age and knowledge. Respondents aged 36–45 years old had positive attitudes on wearing face masks 3.9 times (p = 0.038) and aged ≥46 years old 4.1 times (p = 0.039) compared to aged 18–35 years old. Furthermore, attitudes on washing hands were influenced by gender, age groups, and knowledge. Female had positive attitudes towards washing hands 1.7 times (p = 0.029) compared to male. Respondents aged 36–45 years old had positive attitudes on washing hands 5 times (p = 0.037) and aged ≥46 years old 4.8 times (p = 0.05) compared to aged 18–35 years old. Knowledge acted as the confounding factor. CONCLUSION: The age and knowledge factors influenced positive attitude of using masks and washing hands were influenced by gender, age, and knowledge. Health education programs are recommended to increase knowledge about COVID-19, this is very helpful for the young generation of Indonesia to have a positive attitude.

Download Full-text

Kekuatan Karakter Relawan Muda bagi Penyandang Disablilitas

INKLUSI ◽

10.14421/ijds.070105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Unita Werdi Rahajeng ◽

Ika Widyarini ◽

Ilhamuddin Ilhamuddin

Keyword(s):

Focus Group ◽

Focus Group Discussion ◽

Online Survey ◽

Social Issues ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Nominal Group Technique ◽

Nominal Group ◽

Survey Study ◽

Persons With Disabilities ◽

Group Technique

Being a young volunteer provides an opportunity for volunteers to build stronger awareness of social issues, such as the fulfilment of equal rights for persons with disabilities. For young volunteers, participation in volunteerism can form strong characters. This research attempts to describe the forms of strength of character in young volunteers for persons with disabilities and their development. Data collection methods used were Online Survey (Study 1) and Nominal Group Technique and Focus Group Discussion (Study 2). Both studies involved young volunteers in communities and organizations with disabilities in Malang Regency and Kota aged between 18-30 years (Study 1 with N = 59 people and Study 2 with N = 6 people). From the research, it is found that the character strength becomes the modality of participation as a volunteer and develops in the process of involvement of young volunteers for persons with disabilities.[Aktivitas sebagai relawan muda menyediakan kesempatan bagi pelakunya untuk membangun kesadaran yang lebih kuat terkait dengan isu-isu sosial, termasuk kesadaran terkait pemenuhan kesetaraan hak bagi penyandang disabilitas. Bagi para relawan muda, partisipasi dalam aktivitas berbasis kesukarelawanan dapat membentuk beberapa kekuatan karakter, antara lain kekuatan karakter yang dicetuskan oleh Peterson & Seligman (2004). Penelitian ini berusaha menggambarkan bentuk-bentuk kekuatan karakter dalam diri relawan-relawan muda bagi penyandang disabilitas dan perkembangannya. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah Online Survey (Study 1) dan Nominal Group Technique serta Focus Group Discussion (Study 2). Kedua study tersebut melibatkan relawan muda di komunitas dan organisasi penyandang disabilitas kabupaten dan kota Malang berusia antara 18 - 30 tahun. (Studi 1, N= 59 orang dan Studi 2, N= 6 orang). Dari penelitian ini didapatkan gambaran kekuatan karakter yang menjadi modalitas partisipasi sebagai relawan dan berkembang dalam proses keterlibatan para relawan muda bagi penyandang disabilitas.]

Download Full-text

Suicide-Bereaved Individuals’ Attitudes Toward Therapists

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000290 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 135-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Erin F. Ward-Ciesielski ◽

Madeline D. Wielgus ◽

Connor B. Jones

Keyword(s):

Mental Health Treatment ◽

Online Survey ◽

The United States ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Time Of Death ◽

Loved One ◽

Important Group ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Suicide Bereaved ◽

Research Domain

Background: Suicide-bereaved individuals represent an important group impacted by suicide. Understanding their experiences following the suicide of a loved one is an important research domain, despite receiving limited attention. Although suicide-bereaved individuals may benefit from mental health treatment, their attitudes toward therapy and therapists are poorly understood. Aims: The present study aimed to understand the extent to which bereaved individuals’ attitudes toward therapy and therapists are impacted by whether their loved one was in therapy at the time of death. Method: Suicide-bereaved individuals (N = 243) from the United States were recruited to complete an online survey about their experience with and attitudes toward therapy and therapists following the suicide of a loved one. Results: Bereaved individuals whose loved one was in therapy at the time of death (N = 48, 19.8%) reported more negative and less positive attitudes toward the treating therapist than those whose loved one was not in therapy at the time of death (N = 81, 33.3%) or whose loved one was never in therapy/the deceased’s therapy status was unknown (N = 114, 46.9%). Conclusion: The deceased’s involvement with a therapist appears to be an important factor impacting the experience of bereaved individuals and should be considered when attempting to engage these individuals in postvention.

Download Full-text

Perceived Effectiveness of Random Testing for Alcohol and Drugs in the Australian Aviation Community

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors ◽

10.1027/2192-0923/a000031 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 72-81

Author(s):

Christina M. Rudin-Brown ◽

Eve Mitsopoulos-Rubens ◽

Michael G. Lenné

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Online Survey ◽

Random Testing ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Perceived Effectiveness ◽

Student Pilots ◽

Alcohol And Drugs ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

One Year ◽

Alcohol And Other Drugs

Random testing for alcohol and other drugs (AODs) in individuals who perform safety-sensitive activities as part of their aviation role was introduced in Australia in April 2009. One year later, an online survey (N = 2,226) was conducted to investigate attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge regarding random testing and to gauge perceptions regarding its effectiveness. Private, recreational, and student pilots were less likely than industry personnel to report being aware of the requirement (86.5% versus 97.1%), to have undergone testing (76.5% versus 96.1%), and to know of others who had undergone testing (39.9% versus 84.3%), and they had more positive attitudes toward random testing than industry personnel. However, logistic regression analyses indicated that random testing is more effective at deterring AOD use among industry personnel.

Download Full-text

Photograph Based Evaluation of Consumer Expectation on Healthiness, Fullness, and Acceptance of Sandwiches as Convenience Food

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10051102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1102

Author(s):

Purificación García-Segovia ◽

Mª Jesús Pagán-Moreno ◽

Amparo Tárrega ◽

Javier Martínez-Monzó

Keyword(s):

Interaction Effect ◽

Online Survey ◽

Age Groups ◽

Nominal Group Technique ◽

Nominal Group ◽

Visual Appearance ◽

Consumer Expectation ◽

Preference Mapping ◽

Consumer Experiences ◽

And Cluster Analysis

Sandwiches are the most common “casual-food” consumed by all age groups in Spain. Due to the importance of visual appearance to promote unplanned or impulse buying, foodservice and hospitality companies focus on improving the visual impression of their food menus to create an expectation that satisfies both sensory and hedonic consumer experiences. To provide a list of attributes about the visual appearance of sandwiches, 25 students were recruited from a university and were invited to participate in two nominal group technique (NGT) sessions. To understand whether a sandwiches’ appearance can influence the expectation of consumers, 259 participants completed an online survey specially designed from the results of the NGT sessions. Data were analyzed using conjoint, internal preference mapping and cluster analysis; the interaction effect by gender was also studied. The conjoint results indicate that visual perception about the filling (vegetal or pork based) plays the most key role overall in consumer expectation. When consumers choose vegetables as the filling, the consumers’ perceived sandwiches as healthier, but the pork filling was perceived as more attractive and satiating. Interaction effect by gender was observed in filling when females perceived pork filling as less healthy than vegetable. By acceptance, consumers were segmented into three groups. The first cluster (n = 80) selected the pork filling. The smaller group (cluster 3, n = 36) prioritized the vegetal filling, and the most numerous cluster 2 (n = 140) liked sandwiches with multigrain bread. These results may help companies to build tailor-made marketing strategies to satisfy consumer segments.

Download Full-text

Online Peer Counseling for Suicidal Ideation: Participant Characteristics and Reasons for Using or Refusing This Service

Psych ◽

10.3390/psych3020007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 61-71

Author(s):

Maren Weiss ◽

Anja Hildebrand ◽

Hellmuth Braun-Scharm ◽

Mark Stemmler

Keyword(s):

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Online Survey ◽

Psychosocial Support ◽

Peer Counseling ◽

Online Counseling ◽

Data Utilization ◽

Perceived Need ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Final Sample ◽

Counseling Clients

[U25] is a German online-peer-counseling service for adolescents with suicidal ideation, who typically do not seek or receive adequate counseling. We conducted an online survey in order to compare persons who receive online counseling by [U25] compared to those who are visitors of [U25] websites but do not (yet) receive counseling. Via online survey, all visitors to the [U25] websites were invited to fill in a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, utilization reasons, and barriers. Our final sample consisted of n = 318 counseling clients, n = 1127 persons who have not yet sought help but intend to do so (“prospective clients”), and n = 444 persons who do not consider [U25] counseling for themselves (“refusers”). Clients were more often female and showed positive attitudes toward online counseling. Low perceived need for counseling was the most frequent barrier reported by the refusers, whereas fear of stigma and practical barriers were rarely reported; younger and male refusers reported needing to write down one’s problems as a barrier more often. Self-selection might reduce generalizability of our results. Online counseling can facilitate receiving psychosocial support for young persons with suicidal ideation, particularly if barriers are addressed.

Download Full-text

Consumer Attitudes toward Vertically Farmed Produce in Russia: A Study Using Ordered Logit and Co-Occurrence Network Analysis

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 638

Author(s):

Yuki Yano ◽

Tetsuya Nakamura ◽

Satoshi Ishitsuka ◽

Atsushi Maruyama

Keyword(s):

Network Analysis ◽

Food Production ◽

Online Survey ◽

Consumer Acceptance ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Ordered Logit ◽

Monthly Income ◽

Artificial Lighting ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

Region Of Residence

Vertical indoor farming under artificial lighting has gained attention as a novel means of food production. However, consumer acceptance of vegetable crops grown under artificial conditions is not well understood. Our nationwide online survey of 289 Russians gathered attitudes and opinions toward vertically farmed vegetables. Employing an ordered logit model and a two-mode co-occurrence network analysis, we show how respondents’ attitudes relate to their key demographic characteristics and opinions about the vegetables. Results indicate that respondents’ attitudes are heterogeneous and related to their region of residence, income level, and opinions regarding nutrients, safety, and taste. Respondents in the Central and Volga districts exhibited less favorable attitudes. Less favorably inclined respondents viewed the produce as unnatural, less nutritious, bad-tasting, and even dangerous, presumably because of misconceptions or lack of knowledge. On the other hand, respondents with monthly income above RUB 60,001 (1018 USD, 867 EURO) had relatively positive attitudes toward such vegetables. Respondents having positive attitudes saw the vegetables as safe, tasty, and of good quality. We discuss the political and commercial implications of these findings.

Download Full-text

Measurement of Perceived Interpersonal and Societal Anti-Muslim Discrimination in the United States

Assessment ◽

10.1177/1073191120973388 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107319112097338

Author(s):

Naheed Ahmed

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Online Survey ◽

Qualitative Data ◽

High Reliability ◽

The United States ◽

Discrimination Index ◽

Muslim Americans ◽

Study Results ◽

Development And Validation ◽

Component Models

Background: Hate crimes against Muslim Americans have increased exponentially in the past 20 years, but there is currently no scale for measuring perceived anti-Muslim discrimination in the United States. To fill this gap, this study used a mixed-method approach to develop scales for measuring perceived anti-Muslim discrimination. Method: Qualitative data informed the development and validation of the 19-item Societal Anti-Muslim Discrimination Index and the 9-item Interpersonal Anti-Muslim Discrimination Index. Quantitative data ( N = 347) were collected from Muslim Americans using an online survey and used to assess the anti-Muslim indexes. Results: Qualitative data contributed to the refinement scale items. Quantitative results indicated one-component models and modest to high reliability of the Interpersonal Anti-Muslim Discrimination Index (.77) and Societal Anti-Muslim Discrimination Index (.88) scales. Discussion: Study results established the validity of these novel scales for measuring the distinct facets of anti-Muslim discrimination not captured by the Everyday Discrimination Index. These scales will facilitate research on anti-Muslim discrimination and the health implications of this form of religious-based discrimination.

Download Full-text