Major Antifungals in Nutmeg Essential Oil against Aspergillus flavus and A. ochraceus
<p>Aiming to substitute toxic synthetic fungicides, the activity of nutmeg (<em>Myristica fragrans</em>) essential oil (EO, obtained by hydrodistillation) was investigated against two important storage fungi-<em>Aspergillus flavus</em> <em>A. ochraceus</em>. The activity of crude nutmeg EO was investigated using poison food assay (PFA). At a concentration of 0.1%, the EO inhibited <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. ochraceus</em> growth by 43 and 65%, respectively. At a concentration of 0.3 %, <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. ochraceus</em> inhibitions were 84 and 79%, respectively. The crude nutmeg EO on fractionation by preparative TLC-bioautography presented one band from which two pure compounds were isolated by semi-preparative normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Myristicin and safrole were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relative % of myristicin and safrol in the crude EO was 10.8 and 2.9, respectively, determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The crude EO, the isolated active fraction, isolated myristicin and standard myristicin presented similar activities against the two fungi at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3% by PFA. Based on these results it is concluded that myristicin is the major antifungal in nutmeg EO against <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. ochraceus</em>.</p>