scholarly journals The location of nectaries and nectar secretion in the flowers of Allium giganteum Regel

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Beata Żuraw ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Halina Laskowska ◽  
Elżbieta Pogroszewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the flowers of <i>Allium</i> there are found septal nectaries; in particular species, their outlet can be located in different parts of the ovary. The inflorescences of these plants are a rich source of nectar for insects. The location and structure of septal nectaries in the flowers of <i>Allium giganteum</i> Regel were investigated. Light and scanning electron microscopy was used. The septal nectaries were found to be located in the lower part of the ovary and in the gynophore on which the ovary is borne. Nectar is secreted into the nectary slits from which it flows through the ducts to three openings located in the upper part of the gynophore, from whence it gets outside in the vicinity of the expanded parts of the filaments. Sugar concentration in the nectar of <i>A. giganteum</i> averaged 54.5%, while sugar weight per flower was determined to be 0.36 mg. When converted into sugar weight per inflorescence, numbering more than 2,000 flowers, it was 771.7 mg.

scholarly journals Nectary structure and nectar secretion of Echium russicum J. F. Gmel. flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, the micromorphology of nectaries in <i>Echium russicum</i> J. F. Gmel. flowers was determined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their anatomy by using light microscopy (LM). The rate of nectar production of flowers and sugar concentration in nectar were investigated. The nectary gland is located below the ovary of the pistil. It is composed of 4 parts corresponding to the parts of the ovary. The widest regions of the nectar-producing tissue are situated by the furrows separating the adjacent parts of the ovary. Nectar is secreted through anomocytic stomata, located only in the lower part of the nectary. The stomata were distributed evenly or they formed clusters of 2-3. The average number of stomata on the surface of the whole nectary was 184. At the nectar secretion stage, open and closed, as well as not fully mature stomata were observed. The orientation of most of the stomata was parallel to the nectary base. The cuticle surface of the cells of the upper and lateral part of the nectary was smooth, whereas in the region producing stomata it showed various folds facilitating the retention of nectar. The flowers produced nectar throughout the flowering period. The weight of nectar secreted throughout the lifetime of ten flowers was, on the average, 20 mg, with the concentration of sugars of 58% and their weight reaching 17 mg.

Compositional and architectural variation in urinary calculi from nucleus to periphery: an integrated IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1794-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paramita Chatterjee ◽  
Samiran Pramanik ◽  
Alok Kumar Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Carbonated Hydroxyapatite ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Core ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Scanning Electron

A combination of IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction has been used to analyze the compositional and architectural variation across the different parts (core, middle and outer layers) of five human urinary calculi (KS1–KS5) from eastern India. Rietveld quantitative phase analysis using X-ray powder diffraction revealed that the composition of the core regions in KS1–KS3 and KS5 is exclusively whewellite, whereas in KS4 it is a mixture of whewellite (84.5 wt%) and carbonated hydroxyapatite (15.5 wt%). While one of the renal stones, KS1, is composed of only whewellite in all three regions, a distinct variation in phase composition from the core towards the periphery has been observed in KS2–KS5. A drastic change in phase composition has been noted in KS5, with the major constituent phases in the core, middle and outer layers as whewellite (100.0 wt%), anhydrous uric acid (60.7 wt%) and carbonated hydroxyapatite (69.6 wt%), respectively. The crystallite size of whewellite in different parts of the kidney stones varies between 91 (1) and 167 (1) nm, while the corresponding sizes of the anhydrous uric acid in KS5 and carbonated hydroxyapatite in KS3 are 107 (1) and 18 (1)–20 (1) nm, respectively. SEM images of the kidney stones showed different levels of organization, resulting from an agglomeration of crystallites with diverse shapes and sizes.

scholarly journals Micromorphology of the floral elements, the structure of the nectary, and the apicultural value of Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb.

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Scanning Electron

The investigations were carried out using light and scanning electron microscopy. The flowers of <i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> grow in clusters of 1-4 in the leaf axils. They are actinomorphic, four-lobed, with a single perianth that is yellow from the adaxial side, while the abaxial side is silvery-white. Peltate hairs of different structure are found on both surfaces of the sepals. The conical epidermal cells of the lobes are covered with a thick striated cuticle. Cylindrical hairs were observed on the edges of the lobes. Peltate hairs also grew on the style. The dish-shaped nectary gland is located at the base of the style. Nectar is secreted through numerous, evenly distributed stomata located above or at the level of other epidermal cells. Different stages of stomatal development are evidence of the asynchronous functioning of the stomata. The nectary consists of small epidermal cells and 5-6 layers of secretory parenchyma. The deeper layers of the gland are composed of larger cells of subglandular parenchyma in which vascular bundles supplying the nectary run. Honey bees were the main pollinators of silverberry. Ten silverberry flowers produced an average of 12 g of nectar with a sugar concentration in the 29.5-34.5% range. The weight of pollen produced by 10 flowers was 3.33 mg.

scholarly journals The position and structure of the nectary in spring heath (Erica carnea L.) flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Mirosław Chwil ◽  
Marek Wróbel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Pore Opening ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Scanning Electron

Ecological traits of <i>Erica carnea</i> L. flowers and the morphology of floral nectaries were investigated using stereoscopic, light and scanning electron microscopy. The nectary in the flowers of <i>Erica carnea</i> is located in the basal part of the ovary. It represents the gynoecial nectary type. It has the form of a yellow, ribbed ring with eight outgrowths, pointed towards the base, which alternately adjoin the stamen filaments. The height of the nectary is 400 µm and its thickness 200 - 250 µm. The parenchyma of the nectary is composed of 6 - 8 layers. Nectar secretion occurs through anomocytic stomata with a diameter of 17 µm. Guard cells are only found on the outgrowths of the nectary and they are situated most frequently at the level of other epidermal cells. During nectar secretion, a small degree of pore opening was observed. In the flowers of <i>Erica carnea</i>, secondary nectar presentation was found, with the nectar accumulating at the base of the fused corolla.

scholarly journals Flowering pattern, the structure of nectary surface and nectar secretion in two varieties of Ocimum basilicum L.

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Convex Part ◽  
Scanning Electron

The studies conducted in the years 2003-2004 covered two varieties of <i>Ocimum basilicum</i> L.: var. <i>purpurascens</i> Benth. and var. <i>lactucaefolium</i> I. The flower lifetime, daily flowering pattern, morphology of pollen grains and the abundance of nectar secretion of flowers were compared. The surface of the nectaries of <i>O. basilicum</i> var. <i>lactucaefolium</i> was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The automorphic nectaries of basil formed the following parts: a flat part from the side of the upper lip and a convex part with three protrusions on the opposite side. On the top of two outer protrusions, stomatal areas were located, responsible for nectar secretion. The stomata occurred at the level of other epidermal cells. On the average, nectar contained 42% of sugars. The sugar yield of flowers of var. <i>lactucaefolium</i> was 36% higher than this feature in var. <i>purpurascens</i>. In terms of their size, the pollen grains were rated as medium-sized. Their viability ranged 88-96%. The shape of the pollen grains was described as oblate and suboblate.

Pathogenesis of Human Hair Defects

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
P.S. Porter ◽  
T. Aoyagi ◽  
R. Matta
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Human Hair ◽  
Standard Techniques ◽  
Scanning Electron

Using standard techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), over 1000 human hair defects have been studied. In several of the defects, the pathogenesis of the abnormality has been clarified using these techniques. It is the purpose of this paper to present several distinct morphologic abnormalities of hair and to discuss their pathogenesis as elucidated through techniques of scanning electron microscopy.

Ultrastructural Analysis of the Salivary Glands of Gromphadorhina Portentosa (Schaum)

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
P.J. Dailey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Gromphadorhina Portentosa ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Topographical Relief

The structure of insect salivary glands has been extensively investigated during the past decade; however, none have attempted scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in ultrastructural examinations of these secretory organs. This study correlates fine structure by means of SEM cryofractography with that of thin-sectioned epoxy embedded material observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Salivary glands of Gromphadorhina portentosa were excised and immediately submerged in cold (4°C) paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative1 for 2 hr, washed and post-fixed in 1 per cent 0s04 in phosphosphate buffer (4°C for 2 hr). After ethanolic dehydration half of the samples were embedded in Epon 812 for TEM and half cryofractured and subsequently critical point dried for SEM. Dried specimens were mounted on aluminum stubs and coated with approximately 150 Å of gold in a cold sputtering apparatus.Figure 1 shows a cryofractured plane through a salivary acinus revealing topographical relief of secretory vesicles.

Two- or three-way observations of the identical cell elements within the same sections by LM, TEM and/or SEM

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakazo Watari ◽  
Yasuaki Hotta ◽  
Yoshio Mabuchi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Identical Cell ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

It is very useful if we can observe the identical cell elements within the same sections by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and/or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sequentially, because, the cell fine structure can not be indicated by LM, while the color is; on the other hand, the cell fine structure can be very easily observed by EM, although its color properties may not. However, there is one problem in that LM requires thick sections of over 1 μm, while EM needs very thin sections of under 100 nm. Recently, we have developed a new method to observe the same cell elements within the same plastic sections using both light and transmission (conventional or high-voltage) electron microscopes.In this paper, we have developed two new observation methods for the identical cell elements within the same sections, both plastic-embedded and paraffin-embedded, using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 1).

Spontaneous Cataract in Nude Athymic Mice

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 512-513
Author(s):  
Ronald H. Bradley ◽  
R. S. Berk ◽  
L. D. Hazlett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Nude Mouse ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Athymic Mice ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Mouse Lens ◽  
Scanning Electron

The nude mouse is a hairless mutant (homozygous for the mutation nude, nu/nu), which is born lacking a thymus and possesses a severe defect in cellular immunity. Spontaneous unilateral cataractous lesions were noted (during ocular examination using a stereomicroscope at 40X) in 14 of a series of 60 animals (20%). This transmission and scanning microscopic study characterizes the morphology of this cataract and contrasts these data with normal nude mouse lens.All animals were sacrificed by an ether overdose. Eyes were enucleated and immersed in a mixed fixative (1% osmium tetroxide and 6% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 0-4°C) for 3 hours, dehydrated in graded ethanols and embedded in Epon-Araldite for transmission microscopy. Specimens for scanning electron microscopy were fixed similarly, dehydrated in graded ethanols, then to graded changes of Freon 113 and ethanol to 100% Freon 113 and critically point dried in a Bomar critical point dryer using Freon 13 as the transition fluid.

Scanning and Transmission Microscopy of Nematocyst Batteries in Epitheliomuscular Cells of Hydra

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 410-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane A. Westfall ◽  
S. Yamataka ◽  
Paul D. Enos
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides three dimensional details of external surface structures and supplements ultrastructural information provided by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Animals composed of watery jellylike tissues such as hydras and other coelenterates have not been considered suitable for SEM studies because of the difficulty in preserving such organisms in a normal state. This study demonstrates 1) the successful use of SEM on such tissue, and 2) the unique arrangement of batteries of nematocysts within large epitheliomuscular cells on tentacles of Hydra littoralis.Whole specimens of Hydra were prepared for SEM (Figs. 1 and 2) by the fix, freeze-dry, coat technique of Small and Màrszalek. The specimens were fixed in osmium tetroxide and mercuric chloride, freeze-dried in vacuo on a prechilled 1 Kg brass block, and coated with gold-palladium. Tissues for TEM (Figs. 3 and 4) were fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. Scanning micrographs were taken on a Cambridge Stereoscan Mark II A microscope at 10 KV and transmission micrographs were taken on an RCA EMU 3G microscope (Fig. 3) or on a Hitachi HU 11B microscope (Fig. 4).

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