scholarly journals Sclerification in the bark tissues of common fir (Abies alba Mill.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Sławomir Janakowski ◽  
Władysław Golinowski
Keyword(s):  
Abies Alba ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Continuous Layer ◽  
Cortical Parenchyma ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Phenolic Substances

The sclerification process in bark tissues of common fir (<em>Abies alba</em> Mill.) has been described. The sclerification begins in 3 years old stems. Sclereids differentiate from cortical parenchyma cells and from secondary phloem parenchyma cells that do not contain phenolic deposits. The first single sclereids are formed at the interface of the cortex and nonfunctional phloem. Hereafter, a continuous layer of them is formed. Later, new sclereid layers are formed successively in nonfunctional secondary phloem and cortex. The consecutive layers are separated tangentially by phloem parenchyma cells, that accumulate large amounts of phenolic substances, and by compressed phloem cells. Laterally they are separated by phloem rays that except of some dislocations are continuous. Structural net of the cortical phloem ray cells and phloem parenchyma delineates the areas where the formations of sclereid layers occurs in nonfunctional secondary phloem. Older cortex contains more sclereid layers and the time period of their formation extends continuously.

Early modifications of the internodal anatomy of Glycine max sprayed with 2,4-DB

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1340-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thompson Demetrio Pizzolato ◽  
David L. Regehr
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Enlargement ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Cortical Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Radial Cell ◽  
Orderly Fashion ◽  
Stimulation Of

An aqueous spray of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) induces anatomical changes in young Glycine internodes. Four days after spraying, the first symptoms appear outside the cambium when the interfascicular parenchyma cells and the adjacent cortical parenchyma cells enlarge and divide in several planes. Four days later, the metaphloem parenchyma cells in many of the leaf traces undergo considerable periclinal cell division and extensive radial cell enlargement. The phloem parenchyma cells of the late metaphloem and first secondary phloem enlarge and divide in a less orderly fashion. Fifteen days after treatment, the cortical parenchyma is modified into a band of radially seriate cells above the protophloem fibers. Products of this cambium-like region convert the cortex into a callus-like tissue. The size of starch grains is reduced initially in the phloem and xylem and later in the cortex. It appears that the stimuli produced by 2,4-DB move into the internode via the metaphloem of leaf traces. Despite the rapid obliteration of conducting phloem by the 2,4-DB induced stimulation of phloem parenchyma, an accelerated differentiation of secondary phloem compensates for this loss.

Structure of Stem and Cambial Variant in Spatholobus Roxburgii (Leguminosae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N.B. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Cambial Variant

The stern of Spatholobus roxburghii, a tropicalliana, has alternating layers of xylem and phloem as a result of formation and activity of successive cambia. Successive cambial rings are developed by dedifferentiation of groups of parenchyma cells outside the discontinuous band of sclereid-fibres. The sclereid- fibre band is formed by the development of sclereids between the primary bark fibres. Each successive cambium first produces a layer of sclereid-fibres which separates the vascular tissue produced by one cambial ring from the other. After secondary growth, the epidermis is replaced by periderm. In the older stern phelloderm contributes to the formation of new cambiallayers. Secondary phloem has sieve tube members; companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres and secretory cells. The wood shows a tendency towards ring-porosity only in the first xylem layer. The subsequent layers are diffuseporous. The vessels are wide and narrow. Perforated ray cells or radial vessels are frequent in the wood and probably help in vertical conduction by interconnecting vessel endings. In this scandent species parenchyma cells are abundant. It is inferred that they help the vessel segments to remain undamaged when the woody stern twists around supports.

DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEINS IN ROSACEAE

IAWA Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-428
Author(s):  
Wei-Min Tian ◽  
Zheng-Hai Hu
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Protein Body ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Vegetative Storage Proteins ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
First Time

The distribution pattern of vegetative storage proteins is reported for the first time for 18 species and 2 varieties of twelve genera of Rosaceae. Vegetative storage proteins were present in all the species studied of Prunoideae and absent in Maloideae. Their occurrence in a genus seemed to be either universal or entirely absent. Rosaceae trees were poor in vegetative storage proteins and the form of vegetative storage proteins was not protein body-like. Granular and floccular forms of vegetative storage proteins could be distinguished exclusively in the secondary phloem parenchyma cells and their distribution was cell-specific. Our results suggest that the distribution of vegetative storage proteins in Rosaceae can be considered as a taxonomically diagnostic feature. The nature of the bark proteins with seasonal changes in apple trees is discussed.

Vacuole Proteins in Secondary Phloem Parenchyma Cells of Three Meliaceae Species

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-lin Wu ◽  
Bing-zhong Hao
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Protein Nature ◽  
Blue Reaction

The secondary phloem in the trunk and branchlet of three species in Meliaceae, Swietenia macrophylla L., Chukrasia talularis A. Juss. and Melia azedarach L., was examined using light microscopy and electron microscopy. The vacuole protein bodies are found in most of the phloem parenchyma cells except companion cells. The protein nature of the bodies was demonstrated by the mercury - bromophenol blue reaction and enzymatic digestion with pepsin. Electronmicroscopical observations show that the protein bodies are electron-dense granules in central vacuoles. In the terminal branchlet, the protein bodies are extremely abundant before flushing in spring and most of them disappear in the inner phloem after flushing. This suggests that the vacuole protein bodies have a storage function.

Barrier zone anatomy in red pine roots invaded by Heterobasidionannosum

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna T. Tippett ◽  
Alex L. Shigo
Keyword(s):  
Red Pine ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
A Site ◽  
Barrier Zone

Resin production and decay were localized or, more specifically, compartmentalized in roots of Pinusresinosa Ait. invaded by Heterobasidionannosum Fr. Bref, (formerly Fomesannosus (Fr.) Krast). Distinctive tissues constituted the barrier zone which separated the resin-impregnated or decayed wood from the younger rings of normal, unaffected wood.The barrier zone tissues included distinctive tangential bands of parenchyma, many resin ducts, and disordered abnormal tracheids. The parenchyma cells of the barrier zone were thin walled and unlignified, and contained polyphenols. These cells were nucleate and remarkably similar to the secondary phloem parenchyma once fully differentiated.The barrier zone was most obvious when observed in close proximity to a site of injury or fungal colonization. However, the barrier zone appeared as a complete ring in many of the roots observed.

Fine structure of the phloem of Pisum sativum. II. The companion cell and phloem parenchyma

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
MC Wark
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Sieve Element ◽  
Companion Cell ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Vacuolated Cells

The companion cells of the secondary phloem of Pisum contain all the organelles characteristic of cells possessing an active metabolism. The cytoplasm of the companion cells shows little change during ontogeny. Complex plasmodesmata connect the sieve elements and companion cells. These are the only connections observed between the sieve elements and other phloem cells. New wall structures of the companion cells are described. These structures are here tentatively called trabeculae; they intrude into the cytoplasm, but never completely cross the cell. The trabeculae alter in appearance at the time when the sieve element nucleus and tonoplast disappear. The phloem parenchyma cells are large vacuolated cells wider in diameter but shorter in length than the sieve elements. They contain all the organelles found in normal photosynthetic tissue. The cytoplasm of the phloem parenchyma shows little change during ontogeny. Plasmodesmata of well-developed pit fields connect the phloem parenchyma with the companion cells. The phloem parenchyma does not communicate with the sieve elements.

Developmental anatomy of natural root grafts in Ficus globosa

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
AN Rao
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Aerial Roots ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Root Grafts

The series of events, and the anatomical changes connected with them, leading to the fusion of aerial roots in Ficus globosa Blume are described. The initial contact between two aerial roots is estabiished by the formation and fusion of epidermai hairs. Secondary growth increases the size of the roots, and consequently the cortices of the two adjacent roots approach one another and become compressed. The cortical tissues thin out in the central region of the compressed zone, but fuse marginally and remain intact. In both roots the ray cells near the contact area become highly meristematic; by active division they produce many parenchyma cells that extend towards each other and finally merge to establish a continuous parenchymatous zone between the steles of the two roots. The cortical tissues, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium in both roots are interrupted by the formation of this new tissue. Later some of the parenchyma cells below the fused regions of the cortex redifferentiate into vascular cambium and extend laterally, joining the pre-existing, interrupted cambia of the two roots. Thus a continuous ring of vascular cambium is reorganized that gives rise to more secondary xylem and phloem. Cork cambium differentiates in the subepidermal layers to form a thick periderm with a smooth surface, so that the fused roots appear externally as a single root. Certain important points of the present study are discussed with reference to previous work.

Structure of Wood and Cambial Variant in the Stem of Dalbergia Paniculata Roxb.

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. B. Nair ◽  
H. Y. Mohan Ram
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Cambial Variant

The wood of Dalbergia paniculata is unique as it consists of concentric layers of broad xylem, alternating with bands of narrow phloem. This anomaly results from the periodic formation of successive cambia in the secondary phloem. Some phloem parenchyma cells dedifferentiate to form a discontinuous ring of cambium. Such parenchyma cells have higher succinate dehydrogenase activity than the neighbouring cells of secondary phloem. The newly differentiated cambial layer functions bidirectionally, and its products give rise to xylem internally and phloem externally. The phloem along with cambium present internal to the newly formed xylem becomes included.The wood is diffuse-porous and the intervessel pits are vestured. The phloem has welldifferentiated sieve tube members and companion cells.

Anatomical changes in the secondary phloem of grand fir (Abies grandis) induced by the balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (16) ◽  
pp. 1903-1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy H. Saigo
Keyword(s):  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Abies Grandis ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Traumatic Resin Ducts ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Adelges Piceae

This study examines the microscopic anatomy and seasonal changes of the secondary phloem, cambium, and a portion of the xylem of grand fir trees (Abies grandis [Dougl.] Lindl.) infested with the balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae Ratz.) as compared with tissues of non-infested trees.The reactivation of the vascular cambium and production of astrosclereids and resin cells are about the same in infested and non-infested trees.The infested trees exhibit sieve cells that are shorter in length, having a tangential dimension about the same as normal cells, and produce more tangential bands of phloem parenchyma cells, more fiber sclereids, biseriate rays, and lipoidal-filled ray cells, abnormally shaped ray parenchyma cell nuclei, giant cortical parenchyma cells, and traumatic resin ducts in the xylem.

Anatomy of the Secondary Phloem in Winteraceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Esau ◽  
Vernon I. Cheadle
Keyword(s):  
Protein Body ◽  
Sieve Element ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
The Family ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Level ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Sieve Plates

The secondary phloem of nine species in five genera of Winteraceae was examined with regard to features that could serve for taxonomic and phylogenetic evaluation of the family. The species examined were as follows: Bubbia pauciflora, B. semecarpoides, Drimys lanceolata, D. winteri, Exospermum stipitatum, Pseudo wintera axillaris, Zygogynum baillonii, Z. bicolor, and Z. vinkii. The nine species showed the following common characteristics: 1) origin from nonstoried vascular cambium with long fusiform initials; 2) ray system consisting of high multiseriate and high uniseriate rays; 3) occurrence of secondary partitioning in the differentiating phloem so that the sieve elements are much shorter than the tracheids; 4) lack of sharp differentiation between lateral sieve areas and those of the sieve plates; 5) predominance of compound sieve plates; 6) short companion cells, often single in a given sieve element; 7) phloem parenchyma cells in strands; 8) lack of specialised fibres (bast fibres) in the secondary phloem; 9) presence of nondispersing protein body in the sieve element protoplast. Features numbered 1, 2, 4-6 are considered to be indications of low evolutionary level. The significance of the other three features (3, 7-9) requires further evaluation. Among these three is the secondary partitioning the occurrence of which seems to imply that in some taxa the well known sequence of evolutionary shortening of cambial initials and their derivatives may be accelerated on the phloem side.

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