Западное пограничье СССР в 1939–1941 гг. как « буферная зона » (случай Западной Белоруссии)

In 1939–1941, the Soviet policy in the new western borderlands was based on the need to transform quickly the annexed territories into a safe and invulnerable border. Thus, having expanded its territories to the west in 1939–1940, the Soviet government was in no hurry to eliminate the old border outposts. On the contrary, the previously existing Polish-Soviet border was preserved in the form of so-called “barrier zone” (« зона заграждения »), and special permits were still required to cross it. At the same time, the construction of new western borders was proceeding at an accelerated pace, and in parallel with this, a massive “purge” of the population of the new regions was carried out. Thus, in the pre-war years, the annexed territories were assigned the role of a kind of broad “buffer zone” that was supposed to protect the USSR from the west with two border lines—the new German-Soviet border (external) and the preserved former Polish-Soviet border (internal).

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Driving Forces of Ecosystem Changes: A Case Study of the National Barrier Zone, China

It is of great significance to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of the ecosystem and explore the driving forces that affect change in the ecosystem in the National Barrier Zone (NBZ). Based on multi-source remote sensing data, this paper analyzed the change in the ecosystem in the NBZ from 2000 to 2015. Natural and social economic factors were selected as the driving factors, and the change mechanism of the ecological system in the NBZ area was analyzed by means of redundancy analysis and other methods. The results showed the following: (1) Between 2000 and 2015, the ecosystem changes in the NBZ are obvious. It is important to note that the grassland and urban ecosystem increased by 13,952 and 6720 km2, respectively; at the same time, the desert ecosystem significantly decreased by 4544 km2. (2) The human activity represented by gross domestic product (GDP) is the main factor in the change of ecosystem change in the NBZ with a contribution of 75%, especially in the ecological barrier of the Sichuan–Yunnan–Loess plateau with a GDP contribution rate of 83%. (3) The changes in the ecosystems are significantly influenced by multifactorial interactions, such as the joint contribution rate of the drought index (PDSI) and GDP reaching 0.11 in the ecological barrier of Qinghai–Tibet plateau. (4) The ecological protection projects, such as the Green for Grain Project in the NBZ, play a positive role, and the ecological environment is improving. The conclusions of this paper will be used as a basic theory to contribute to subsequent research on ecosystem services, policy making, and other aspects in the NBZ.

Perbedaan metode pembuatan VCO antibakteria terhadap sifat Fisikokimia, dan uji organoleptik, Antibakteri VCO terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus

Wounds have slowed healing due to the formation of biofilms, which are the surface formation of bacterial cells that are covered by the polymeric substance. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that play a role in producingmultilayer in biofilms and is very easy to resistant to antibiotics. VCO has the ability as ana anti-bacterial content based on lauric acid and kaprat acid. This study used experimental Quasy with a mixed Methode method. VCO is made with 3 methods, fishing, heating and mixing on physicochemical test. Physicochemical test results show, the highest water content is found in the VCO heating, the same three-type weight, the highest peroxide number is in the VCO mixing and the highest free fatty acids on the VCO fishing. The results of antibacterial test with Kirby-Baur method There is no barrier zone from the 3 types of VCO. VCO used as a topical is VCO fishing.The results of a test analysis of the results of observations in patients as much as 15 people for 9 days in 3 treatments with chronic wounds obtained p < 0.05 (0.000) which means during the treatment that the wound condition is better. Keyword : Organoleptic, Staphylococcus aureus, Physicochemical, VCO

Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Ekstrak Daun Sambung Nyawa terhadap Zona Hambat Bakteri Escherichia Coli Metode Difusi

Gynura procumbens plants or often called Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr is a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Based on the results of phytochemical screening performed, the chemical content contained in the leaves of Gynura procumbens (Lour).Merr is phenol, saponin and steroid. Phenol and saponin each have a mechanism as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibition zone of Gynura procumbens extract, concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% dan 50% to Escherichia coli bacteria on hook moutellic agar and to know the value of Resistant, Intermediate and Sensitive from leaf extract of Gynura procumbens (Lour).Merr against bacterial inhibition zone of Escherichia coli, as well as to analyze the effect of concentration variation of Gynura procumbens (Lour).Merr leaf extract to the inhibitory zone of Escherichia coli bacteria. The research method used is experimental method. Based on the result of the research, it is known that Gynura procumbens (Lour).Merr leaf extract have inhibition zone to Escherichia coli bacteria with the width of the lowest barrier zone of 6 mm at 10% concentration while the width of the highest resistance zone is 20 mm at concentration 50% with 30 mm control. From the statistical test result using Simple Linear Regression, the result of p(0,000) at 95% confdence level (p = 0,000 <α (0,05) meaning that there is influence of concentration of Gynura procumbens (Lour).Merr leaf extract to zone inhibit of Escherichia coli bacteria diffusion method.Abstrak: Tanaman sambung nyawa atau sering disebut dengan Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr merupakan tanaman yang termasuk dalam famili Asteraceae. Berdasarkan hasil skrining ftokimia yang dilakukan, kandungan kimia yang terdapat di dalam daun sambung nyawa adalah fenol, saponin dan steroid. Senyawa fenol dan saponin memiliki mekanisme sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui zona hambat dari ekstrak daun sambung nyawa konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 30%,40% dan 50% terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli pada media muller hinton agar dan untuk mengetahui nilai Resisten, Intermediet dan Sensitif dari ekstrak daun sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour).Merr) terhadap zona hambat bakteri Escherichia coli serta menganalisis pengaruh variasi konsentrasi ekstrak daun sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour).Merr) terhadap zona hambat bakteri Escherichia coli. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode ekperimental semu. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa ekstrak daun sambung nyawa mempunyai zona hambat terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dengan luas zona hambatan terendah 6 mm pada konsentrasi 10% sedangkan luas zona hambatan tertinggi 20 mm pada konsentrasi 50% dengan kontrol pembanding sebesar 30 mm. Dari hasil uji statistik menggunakan Regresi Linier Sederhana, didapatkan hasil p (0,000) pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% (p=0,000 < α (0,05) yang berarti ada pengaruh variasi konsentrasi ekstrak daun sambung nyawa terhadap zona hambat bakteri Escherichia coli metode difusi.