Efficiency evaluation of extraction methods of selected benzodiazepine
derivatives from human serum and whole blood and the reactivity phenomenon
in immunoassay for benzodiazepines

The aim of the study was to compare efficiency of various extraction methods of benzodiazepine derivatives: diazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam. The study compared the recovery of benzodiazepines isolated from biological material (blood and human blood serum) using liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. The efficiency of each extraction was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. In addition, benzodiazepines immunoassay reactivity was estimated. The following methods of extraction were used: liquid-liquid extraction (a classical liquid-liquid extraction and microextraction), solid- -phase extraction (Baker’s columns and United Chemical Technologies’ (UTC columns). The reactivity was evaluated using V-Twin System with EMIT technology by Siemens. The results showed that the lowest recovery (nitrazepam – 16%, diazepam – 23%, flunitrazepam – 28%, estazolam – 37%) was obtained using liquid-liquid microextraction of whole blood and the highest recovery was obtained in solid-phase extraction of whole blood using United Chemical Technologies’ columns (nitrazepam – 86%, diazepam – 89%, estazolam – 91%, flunitrazepam – 94%). The lowest recovery in classical liquid-liquid extraction was obtained for diazepam isolated from whole blood (36%), and the highest – for flunitrazepam isolated from serum (74%). Solid-phase extraction with Baker’s columns was successful only in case of drugs isolation from serum and the recovery range from 57% to 89% for flunitrazepam. The results indicated higher efficiency of solid-phase extraction, especially with use of columns specific for the extraction of benzodiazepines. The immunoassay analysis showed a decreased reactivity of the tested benzodiazepine derivatives on the reagent used for the EMIT assay. Comparative analysis of the recovery efficiency of selected benzodiazepine derivatives led to the conclusion that use of solid-phase extraction should be considered more often in routine toxicological analysis. The knowledge of benzodiazepine derivatives cross-reactivity in immunoassay method is essential for correct interpretation of obtained results.

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Comparison of Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid-Liquid Extraction Methods for Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Diltiazem and its Metabolites in Plasma

Journal of Liquid Chromatography ◽

10.1080/01483919008049570 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 3799-3807 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. L. Bonnefous ◽

R. Boulieu

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Chromatographic Determination ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽

Liquid Chromatographic

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Evaluation of liquid–liquid extraction and different solid phase extraction cartridges for determination of selected synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in whole blood

Toxicology Letters ◽

10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.1010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 196 ◽

pp. S320

Author(s):

O. Yavuz ◽

A. Aksoy ◽

Y.K. Das ◽

E. Atmaca

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Synthetic Pyrethroid ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction

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Effectiveness of Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Solid Phase Extraction, and Headspace Technique for Determination of Some Volatile Water-Soluble Compounds of Rose Aromatic Water

International Journal of Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2017/4870671 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hale Seçilmiş Canbay

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

Cosmetic Industry

Steam distillation is used to isolate scent of rose flowers. Rose aromatic water is commonly used in European cuisine and aromatherapy besides its use in cosmetic industry for its lovely scent. In this study, three different sampling techniques, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), headspace technique (HS), and solid phase extraction (SPE), were compared for the analysis of volatile water-soluble compounds in commercial rose aromatic water. Some volatile water-soluble compounds of rose aromatic water were also analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). In any case, it was concluded that one of the solid phase extraction methods led to higher recoveries for 2-phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) in the rose aromatic water than the liquid-liquid extraction and headspace technique. Liquid-liquid extraction method provided higher recovery ratios for citronellol, nerol, and geraniol than others. Ideal linear correlation coefficient values were observed by GCMS for quantitative analysis of volatile compounds (r2≥0.999). Optimized methods showed acceptable repeatability (RSDs < 5%) and excellent recovery (>95%). For compounds such as α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, methyl eugenol, and eugenol, the best recovery values were obtained with LLE and SPE.

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Comparative Study of Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Solid-Phase Extraction Methods for the Separation of Sufentanil from Plasma before Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectrometric Analysis

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/47.3.600 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 600-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Christelle Dufresne ◽

Patrick Favetta ◽

Chantal Paradis ◽

Roselyne Boulieu

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Mass Spectrometric ◽

Spectrometric Analysis ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

Chromatographic Mass

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Comparison of extraction of a β-blocker from plasma onto a molecularly imprinted polymer with liquid–liquid extraction and solid phase extraction methods

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis ◽

10.1016/j.jpba.2004.03.024 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 1231-1239 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

P.D. Martin ◽

G.R. Jones ◽

F. Stringer ◽

I.D. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Imprinted Polymer ◽

Molecularly Imprinted ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

Β Blocker

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Extraction and Analysis of Tetrahydrocannabinol, A Cannabis Compound in Oral Fluid

International Journal of Biology ◽

10.5539/ijb.v9n1p30 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Wei Zhang ◽

Jun Wang ◽

Zhiyuan Mi ◽

Jiangtao Su ◽

Xiangyu You ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Testing ◽

Oral Fluid ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

The Common ◽

Common Target

Although misuse and abuse of Cannabis is well known, the health benefits have been proved by various biomedical studies. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the major active substance in leaves of Cannabis, which is the common target for drug testing. In field drug testing, oral fluid (OF) has its unique advantages over other specimens such as blood, urine, and hair. Thus the study of THC in OF is gaining popularity in Cannabis research. In this review, extraction methods are introduced in three categories, which are Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE), Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). Examples of application with each method will be covered. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be compared. In addition, methods in analysis following extraction will be briefly discussed.

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The Benefits and Limitations of Methods Development in Solid Phase Extraction: Mini Review

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v69.3177 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Norfahana Abd-Talib ◽

Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar ◽

Aidee Kamal Khamis

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Solid Phase Extraction ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Methods Development ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽

Target Analytes ◽

Two Phases ◽

Preparation Techniques

Over recent years, there has been an explosive growth of sample preparation techniques. Sample preparation is in most cases meant to be the isolation online or offline concentration of some components of interest or target analytes. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is a very popular technique nowadays in sample preparation. The principal is quite similar with liquid- liquid extraction (LLE) which involves partition of solutes between two phases. But, there are some differences between them and some benefits and limitations of difference types of SPE technique like presented in this paper.

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