COUNTERACTING PAY DISCRIMINATION – A FEW REMARKS ON THE PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO ART. 943 § 2 OF THE LABOUR CODE AND ON THE PROPOSED DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL TO STRENGTHEN THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK OR WORK OF EQUAL VALUE BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN THROUGH PAY TRANSPARENCY AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS

2021 ◽  
Vol specjalny II (XXI) ◽  
pp. 281-298
Author(s):  
Iwona Gredka-Ligarska
Keyword(s):  
European Parliament ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Equal Work ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Draft Bill ◽  
Definition Of

In July 2020, a Parliamentary draft bill was brought before the Polish Sejm amending the Act – Civil Code (print no. 463). Currently, the legislative process concerning that draft is underway. The draft proposes to expand the definition of mobbing – as specified in Art. 943 § 2 of the Labour Code – by adding a provision under which mobbing would also consist in persistent and long-term differentiating the level of pay on grounds of an employee’s sex. The intention of the authors is to strengthen the legal instruments guaranteeing respect for the principle of equal rights for women with regard to pay for equal work or work of equal value. At the same time, in March 2021 – at the EU level – a legislative procedure was initiated in respect of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council to strengthen the application of the principle of equal pay for equal work or work of equal value between men and women through pay transparency and enforcement mechanisms. This article discusses the legal solutions expressed in the draft amendment to Art. 943 § 2 of the Labour Code and in the proposed Equal Pay Directive. The article is an attempt to answer the question if the introduction of the proposed regimes will eliminate or at least reduce pay discrimination on grounds of sex.

La pensée des femmes catholiques en Europe. Les combats de Maria Paola Colombo Svevo

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-262
Author(s):  
Maria CHIARA MATTESINI
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Party Member ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
People's Party ◽  
European People’S Party ◽  
Equal Work ◽  
Trafficking In Human Beings

‘Equal pay for equal work’, ‘Action against trafficking in human beings’ and the ‘Role of cooperatives in the growth of women's employment’ are those three im­portant battles carried out by the women at the European Parliament in the 1990s. They represent greater justice, more dignity, increased democracy. In particular, the article wants to remember the figure of Maria Paola Colombo Svevo, senator of the Italian Christian-Democratic Party, member of the European People's Party and member of the European Parliament between 1995 and 1999.

Men and Women Should Receive Equal Pay for Equal Work

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin Chi-tsu ◽  
Hung Sung
Keyword(s):  
Equal Pay ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Equal Work

US Equal Rights Amendment push faces challenges

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Equal Rights Amendment ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Economic Equality ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Equal Work

Significance The Senate is unlikely to take up the measure, especially as Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has said he does not support it. Even if the Senate were to follow the House, the ERA’s dubious, delayed ratification process would still raise serious constitutional issues. Impacts The ERA would provide plaintiffs with additional means to enforce gender equality. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi believes the ERA would ease ensuring women’s economic equality, such as equal pay for equal work. Conservatives will oppose the ERA, and emphasise concerns that the amendment has not been properly ratified.

Equality of Terms

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-223
Author(s):  
Rhodri McDonald ◽  
Sophie Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sex Equality ◽  
Equal Work ◽  
Pension Benefits ◽  
Conditions Of Employment

This chapter explores Part 5, Chapter 3 of the Equality Act 2010, which deals with equality in contractual terms and conditions of employment and occupational pension scheme rules. It deals with all aspects of equal pay law, i.e. the rules requiring that men and women doing equal work should have equal contractual and pension benefits. The chapter begins by briefly setting these provisions in context, addressing their relationship with discrimination law and EU law. It then looks at the sex equality clause (contract terms) and sex equality rule (pensions). Finally, the chapter concludes with a consideration of the maternity equality clause and maternity equality rule.

Population Dynamics in Rural Missouri, 1860–1880

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Mary Eschelbach Gregson
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Middle America ◽  
Definition Of

The extraordinarily productive corn and wheat belts were settled a generation before modern Middle America blossomed. The story of rural Middle America, especially in the decades following the Civil War, is the story of the men and women who settled the region and stayed. In politics the Middle American community looked to long-term residents for a definition of its best interests (Winkle 1988; Curti 1959). In agricultural matters the community looked to long-term residents for a definition of the model farm.

The Equal Pay Act: The First 30 Years

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. Crampton ◽  
John W. Hodge ◽  
Jitendra M. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Civil Rights Act ◽  
Pay Disparity ◽  
Women's Wages ◽  
Equal Work ◽  
Equal Pay Act

Historically, women have been paid less than men. This pay disparity between men and women exists even when women hold similar jobs and are comparable to men with regard to seniority and experience. The goal of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was to change this situation. The Equal Pay Act states that men and women should receive the same pay for equal work. Three decades have passed but women's wages remain less than wages for men in equal positions. The focus of this paper is a discussion of the Equal Pay Act on wage differentials between men and women. Strategies will be presented that organizations can follow to minimize compensation disparities.

scholarly journals Social representations of infidelity among married and unmarried men and women

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Irina Iakimanskaia
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Family Counseling ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Married Individuals ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Family And Marriage ◽  
Definition Of

The goal of this research is to examine the specificity of social representations of infidelity among married and unmarried men and women. The hypothesis was advanced that married and unmarried men and women differ in their perception of infidelity. The differences depend on the gender and marital status, and pertain to definition of this concept and the underlying causes. The article employs the methods of questionnaire, content analysis, and the developed by the authors projective technique “draw infidelity”. It was established that the respondents view infidelity from two perspectives: those who commit adultery (more typical to men), and those against whom adultery was committed (more typical to women). Married individuals more often describe their own infidelity, while unmarried persons describe the infidelity of another partner. The main cause infidelity for men are new sensations (new sexual experience, etc.), while women it is love for another person (strong emotional experiences). Married respondents describe infidelity as a rare, tough, and long-term phenomenon. Unmarried respondents consider infidelity a rather frequent phenomenon that gives new experience in relationships. Women view infidelity as an emotional, passionate, and unique phenomenon. Men tend to assess infidelity as an indifferent, typical, and rational event. The acquired data can be used in family counseling on the problems of infidelity, as well as in psychological counseling overall. The results can also be used in psychoprophylactic work with youth on the question of family and marriage.

scholarly journals Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work

1922 ◽  
Vol 32 (128) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Y. Edgeworth
Keyword(s):  
Equal Pay ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Equal Work

25. Discrimination

2020 ◽  
pp. 580-630
Author(s):  
Marios Costa ◽  
Steve Peers
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Sex Equality ◽  
Equal Work ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter examines European Union (EU) law on discrimination, including the definition of ‘discrimination’ and the limited possibilities of justifying it. The chapter provides an overview of EU provisions on gender equality and discusses equal pay for equal work under Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). It also explains the principles of equal treatment in self-employment, social security matters and occupational pension schemes, and also discusses the provisions of Directives 2004/113 (sex equality outside employment), Directive 2000/43 (race equality) and Directive 2000/78 (non-discrimination on grounds of age, disability, religion and sexual orientation).

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