scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Dynamics of Cosmic Rays for the Pakistan and China Atmospheric Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-275
Author(s):  
Faisal Nawaz ◽  
Bulbul Jan ◽  
Faisal Ahmed Khan Afridi ◽  
M. Ayub Khan Yousufzai ◽  
Faraz Mehmood
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Spatial Interpolation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Time Series Plot ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Data Analytic

This paper presents an analysis of cosmic ray intensity in Pakistan air space using spatial interpolation, comparing it with Chinese cosmic ray records from 1984 to 1993. The Exploratory Data Analytic (EDA) approach was applied to compare the cosmic ray fluctuations in both countries. The time series plot of the monthly cosmic rays showed relatively flatter counts in Pakistan than in China. The cosmic ray data for the years 1984 to 1993 fell within Solar Cycle 22, which lasted from 1986 to 1996, with its maximum phase in 1989 to 1991. The cosmic radiation varies between the atmospheric regions of Pakistan and China due to modulations in intensity that are accessible accordingly. It can be explained by purely astrophysical phenomena: (1) the source of emission of cosmic radiation may be different, (2) the rate at which emanation takes place depends on bursts of deep space dynamical objects from their sources that may be affected by solar wind and other solar radiations. Therefore, modulations in intensity are not only due to different geophysical locations. This study will help government organizations to predict and forecast cosmic rays values.

scholarly journals 39. The anisotropy of primary cosmic radiation and the electromagnetic state in interplanetary space

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
V. Sarabhai ◽  
N. W. Nerurkar ◽  
S. P. Duggal ◽  
T. S. G. Sastry
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Daily Variations ◽  
Primary Cosmic Radiation

Study of the anisotropy of cosmic rays from the measurement of the daily variation of meson intensity has demonstrated that there are significant day-today changes in the anisotropy of the radiation. New experimental data pertaining to these changes and their solar and terrestrial relationships are discussed.An interpretation of these changes of anisotropy in terms of the modulation of cosmic rays by streams of matter emitted by the sun is given. In particular, an explanation for the existence of the recently discovered types of daily variations exhibiting day and night maxima respectively, can be found by an extension of some ideas of Alfvén, Nagashima, and Davies. An integrated attempt is made to interpret the known features of the variation of cosmic ray intensity in conformity with ideas developed above.

scholarly journals Sudden Increases in Cosmic Ray Intensity

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
R Anda ◽  
B Aparicio ◽  
LV Sud ◽  
M Zubieta
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar Flare ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Continuous Recording ◽  
Intensity Increase ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity

At different times during a period of continuous recording of cosmic rays large increases in the intensity of cosmic radiation have been observed. Most of these are associated with formations on the visible side of the Sun. However, there are two exceptions: Carmichael et al. (1961) believe that the November 20,1960 increase in intensity was due to a solar flare on the reverse side of the Sun, and Sud (1968) has shown that the intensity increase of January 28,1967 also may not be connected with chromospheric eruptions on the visible side of the Sun.

scholarly journals Measurement of the cosmic ray proton spectrum from 40 GeV to 100 TeV with the DAMPE satellite

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. eaax3793 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Q. An ◽  
R. Asfandiyarov ◽  
P. Azzarello ◽  
P. Bernardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Precise Measurement ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Spectral Feature ◽  
Dark Matter Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Proton Spectrum ◽  
First Time

The precise measurement of the spectrum of protons, the most abundant component of the cosmic radiation, is necessary to understand the source and acceleration of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. This work reports the measurement of the cosmic ray proton fluxes with kinetic energies from 40 GeV to 100 TeV, with 2 1/2 years of data recorded by the DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE). This is the first time that an experiment directly measures the cosmic ray protons up to ~100 TeV with high statistics. The measured spectrum confirms the spectral hardening at ~300 GeV found by previous experiments and reveals a softening at ~13.6 TeV, with the spectral index changing from ~2.60 to ~2.85. Our result suggests the existence of a new spectral feature of cosmic rays at energies lower than the so-called knee and sheds new light on the origin of Galactic cosmic rays.

The results of simultaneous measurements of the cosmic-ray intensity over the Antarctic and Arctic

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S823-S824
Author(s):  
S. N. Vernov ◽  
A. N. Charakhchyan ◽  
T. N. Charakhchyan ◽  
Yu. J. Stozhkov
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
The Antarctic

The results of the analysis of data obtained from measurements carried out by means of regular stratospheric launchings of cosmic-ray radiosondes over the Murmansk region and the Antarctic observatory in Mirny in 1963–66 are presented. The problem of the anisotropy of the primary component of low-energy cosmic rays and of temperature effects on the cosmic-ray intensity in the atmosphere are discussed.

scholarly journals Gamma Rays from Cosmic Rays

1981 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Wolfendale
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Molecular Clouds ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Cosmic Ray Interactions ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Γ Ray

It is shown that there is evidence favouring molecular clouds being sources of γ-rays, the fluxes being consistent with expectation for ambient cosmic rays interacting with the gas in the clouds for the clouds considered. An estimate is made of the fraction of the apparently diffuse γ-ray flux which comes from cosmic ray interactions in the I.S.M. as distinct from unresolved discrete sources. Finally, an examination is made of the possibility of gradients of cosmic ray intensity in the Galaxy.

THE SUN AS A SOURCE OF COSMIC RAYS OF INTERMEDIATE ENERGIES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1207-1215
Author(s):  
J. Katzman
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Intermediate Energies ◽  
Narrow Angle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Zones

The cosmic ray intensity as measured with an extremely narrow-angle telescope, 1.2 × 10−3 steradians, and with 96 inches of lead as absorber for the period 1 January 1955 to 31 December 1958 shows an increase of 20%. This increase is attributed to particles coming from the sun. It is shown that the change in hour of maximum of the first and second harmonics can be explained by a change in the relative importance of the impact zones. This phenomenon is attributed to a change in the number and polarity of sunspots.

scholarly journals The Galactic cosmic ray intensity at the evolving Earth and young exoplanets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Rodgers-Lee ◽  
Aline Vidotto ◽  
Andrew Taylor ◽  
Paul Rimmer ◽  
Turlough Downes
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Chemical Signature ◽  
Exoplanetary Systems ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Ray

<p>Cosmic rays may have contributed to the start of life on Earth. Cosmic rays also influence and contribute to atmospheric electrical circuits, cloud cover and biological mutation rates which are important for the characterisation of exoplanetary systems. The flux of Galactic cosmic rays present at the time when life is thought to have begun on the young Earth or in other young exoplanetary systems is largely determined by the properties of the stellar wind. </p> <p>The spectrum of Galactic cosmic rays that we observe at Earth is modulated, or suppressed, by the magnetised solar wind and thus differs from the local interstellar spectrum observed by Voyager 1 and 2 outside of the solar system. Upon reaching 1au, Galactic cosmic rays subsequently interact with the Earth’s magnetosphere and some of their energy is deposited in the upper atmosphere. The properties of the solar wind, such as the magnetic field strength and velocity profile, evolve with time. Generally, young solar-type stars are very magnetically active and are therefore thought to drive stronger stellar winds. </p> <p>Here I will present our recent results which simulate the propagation of Galactic cosmic rays through the heliosphere to the location of Earth as a function of the Sun's life, from 600 Myr to 6 Gyr, in the Sun’s future. I will specifically focus on the flux of Galactic cosmic rays present at the time when life is thought to have started on Earth (~1 Gyr). I will show that the intensity of Galactic cosmic rays which reached the young Earth, by interacting with the solar wind, would have been greatly reduced in comparison to the present day intensity. I will also discuss the effect that the Sun being a slow/fast rotator would have had on the flux of cosmic rays reaching Earth at early times in the solar system's life.</p> <p>Despite the importance of Galactic cosmic rays, their chemical signature in the atmospheres’ of young Earth-like exoplanets may not be observable with instruments in the near future. On the other hand, it may instead be possible to detect their chemical signature by observing young warm Jupiters. Thus, I will also discuss the HR 2562b exoplanetary system as a candidate for observing the chemical signature of Galactic cosmic rays in a young exoplanetary atmosphere with upcoming missions such as JWST.</p>

scholarly journals Energetic Particles in the Local Bubble

1997 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.E. Morfill ◽  
M.J. Freyberg
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Energetic Particles ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Length Variation ◽  
Local Bubble ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Interstellar Clouds ◽  
Proton Intensity ◽  
Path Lengths

AbstractThe current status of observations of energetic particles in the “local bubble” is reviewed. This includes primarily “direct” measurements of cosmic rays made in the Solar System, but also the “remote sensing” made possible by observing cosmic ray produced γ-rays in the nearby interstellar clouds. Since the energetic events responsible for the formation of our local bubble may also have produced copious amounts of cosmic rays, fossil records are examined to determine whether there is a corresponding signature. The observations show that: 1) the cosmic ray (proton) intensity is fairly homogeneous throughout the local bubble and its adjacent interstellar clouds, 2) there is some evidence for a “recent” local cosmic ray injection about 40,000 years ago, 3) on longer time scales (a few million years) the cosmic ray intensity was constant within a factor two, 4) there is apparently some “activity” in the Orion cloud, as evidenced by low energy γ-ray signatures, and 5) there are two unexplained observations – the variations in the energy spectra, in particular the significantly flatter spectrum of heavy cosmic rays (Fe) and the matter path length variation, which yields consistently larger path lengths for the lighter elements (H, He). It is suggested that these observations are compatible with two cosmic ray populations – an older one in equilibrium with losses from the galaxy and a younger one which is not yet strongly affected by losses. The latter could be a cosmic ray signature of the formation of the local bubble.

The long-term variation of the cosmic radiation

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S903-S906 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lockwood ◽  
W. R. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Solar Modulation ◽  
Neutron Monitors ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Primary Cosmic Radiation

The variation in the cosmic-ray intensity recorded by neutron monitors from 1958 to 1965 has been investigated to deduce the form of the solar modulation of the cosmic radiation. The observed changes in the intensity at the neutron monitor stations, averaged over quarter-year periods, were compared with changes calculated using modulation functions depending upon energy, rigidity, and velocity × rigidity. These calculations were based upon the revised differential response functions deduced by Lockwood and Webber (1967). The variance between the observed and calculated changes in the neutron monitor intensities at different stations was minimized to determine the best form of the solar modulation function. We find that the change of the primary cosmic radiation, deduced from the change in the neutron monitor intensity as well as from direct measurements of the primary flux, can be described by a modulation of the form exp(–K/P) in the rigidity range 0.5 < P < 50 GV. The change between 1959 and 1965 can be fitted with K = 1.94 ± 0.09 and between 1963 and 1965 with K = 0.36 ± 0.05.

Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays near solar minimum (1965)

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S887-S891 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Balasubrahmanyan ◽  
D. E. Hagge ◽  
F. B. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar Minimum ◽  
Intensity Variation ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar Modulation ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Radial Gradient

The results of the continuous monitoring of the intensity of cosmic rays (of energy > 50 MeV) with identical G-M counter telescopes flown in satellites IMP I, II, and III and OGO-I are presented along with the differential spectrum studies obtained from balloon flights at Fort Churchill and from satellites. A comparison of the time behavior of the G-M counter data with Deep River neutron monitor data suggests the presence of a "hysteresis" type of behavior due to spectral changes occurring near solar minimum. The existence of this "hysteresis" suggests that the radial gradient of cosmic rays near the earth could be much smaller than the ~ 10%/AU obtained by O'Gallagher and Simpson (1967) and O'Gallagher (1967) at higher energies. The long-term intensity variation of cosmic rays seems to follow the Ap index rather closely in phase, in contrast to sunspot numbers which display a pronounced phase difference with cosmic-ray intensity. The differential spectra of protons and He nuclei have been analyzed in terms of two different models for the propagation in the interplanetary medium. The modulations indicated by the present data seem to disagree with a diffusion coefficient proportional to βR where β and R are the velocity and rigidity of the particle respectively (Jokipii 1966).

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