scholarly journals *Autopsy of a suspected venous circulatory disturbance localized in the medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord accompanied with an aneurysm

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 568-574
Author(s):  
Katsuhisa Masaki ◽  
Masaharu Ohno ◽  
Hironobu Maeda ◽  
Tetsuo Hamada ◽  
Toru Iwaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Circulatory Disturbance ◽  
Upper Cervical

scholarly journals Arteriovenous malformation of the trigeminal nerve root presented with venous congestive edema of the medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord: illustrative case

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arata Nagai ◽  
Hidenori Endo ◽  
Kenichi Sato ◽  
Tomohiro Kawaguchi ◽  
Hiroki Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arteriovenous Malformation ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Venous Hypertension ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve Root ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
The Right

BACKGROUND Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the trigeminal nerve root (TNR) is a rare subtype of the lateral pontine AVM. Most of them are diagnosed when they bleed or exert trigeminal neuralgia. Venous congestive edema is a rare phenomenon caused by TNR AVMs. OBSERVATIONS An 82-year-old man was admitted with progressive limb weakness and dysphasia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed extensive edema of the medulla oblongata and the upper cervical cord with signal flow void at the C3 anterior spinal cord. Vertebral angiography revealed a small nidus fed mainly by the pontine perforating arteries (PPAs). The anterior pontomesencephalic vein (AMPV) was dilated, functioning as the main drainage route. This suggests that venous hypertension triggered the brainstem and upper cervical cord edema. MRI with gadolinium enhancement showed that the nidus was located around the right TNR. Because the nidus sat extrinsically on the pial surface of the right TNR’s base, microsurgical obliteration with minimum parenchymal injury was achieved. Postoperative MRI showed disappearance of the brainstem and cervical cord edema with improved clinical symptoms. LESSONS TNR AVM is rarely associated with brainstem and upper cervical cord edema caused by venous hypertension of the congestive drainage system.

Diffuse axonal injury due to lateral head rotation in a rat model

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Xiao-Sheng ◽  
Yi Sheng-Yu ◽  
Zhang Xiang ◽  
Fei Zhou ◽  
Zhang Jian-Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
Lateral Head ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The authors investigated the ramifications of producing diffuse axonal injury (DAI) by lateral head rotation in a rat model.Methods. Using a special injury-producing device, the rat's head was rapidly rotated 90° in the coronal plane at an angular velocity of at least 753.13 rad/second and an angular acceleration of at least 1.806 × 105 rad/second2; the rotation was complete within 2.09 msec. There were no statistically significant changes in PO2, PCO2, pH, or blood pressure values at 5, 15, or 60 minutes after head rotation compared with their respective preinjury baseline values. The rats exhibited posttraumatic behavior suppression for an average of 12.6 minutes. The mortality rate was 17%. The rats that survived had diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage around the brainstem and upper cervical cord, but no obvious brain contusion. In sections stained with silver or hematoxylin and eosin, axonal swelling and bulblike protrusions at the axonal axis were observed in the medulla oblongata, midbrain, upper cervical cord, and corpus callosum between 6 hours and 144 hours postinjury. The axonal injuries were most severe in the brainstem and were accompanied by parenchymal bleeding. The density of bulblike axonal protrusions peaked 6 hours postinjury in the medulla oblongata and 24 hours postinjury in the midbrain.Conclusions. Rapid lateral head rotation can produce DAI characterized by severe damage to the rat brainstem.

scholarly journals A Case Report of Adult-Onset Alexander Disease with a Tumor-Like Lesion in the Lateral Ventricle

2021 ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
Tongjia Cai ◽  
Sisi Jing ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Jianjun Wu
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Contrast Enhancement ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Alexander Disease ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
White Matter Abnormality ◽  
Frontal White Matter ◽  
Upper Cervical

Adult-onset Alexander disease (AOAD) is an autosomal dominant progressive astrogliopathy caused by pathogenic variants in glial fibrillary acidic protein (<i>GFAP</i>). Individuals with this disorder often present with a typical neuroradiologic pattern, including frontal white matter abnormality with contrast enhancement, atrophy and signal intensity changes of the medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord on MRI. Focal lesions are rarely seen in AOAD, which causes concern for primary malignancies. This study aimed to present the case of a 37-year-old male patient initially diagnosed with an astrocytoma in the lateral ventricle that was later identified as GFAP mutation-confirmed AOAD. <i>GFAP</i> sequencing revealed a heterogeneous missense mutation point c.236G&#x3e;A. Hence, AOAD should be considered in patients with tumor-like lesion brain lesion in association with atrophy of medulla oblongata and upper cervical spinal cord, and frontal white matter abnormality with contrast enhancement.

Responses of Medullary Dorsal Horn Neurons to Corneal Stimulation by CO2 Pulses in the Rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 2092-2107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harumitsu Hirata ◽  
James W. Hu ◽  
David A. Bereiter
Keyword(s):  
Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

Corneal-responsive neurons were recorded extracellularly in two regions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) and subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord (Vc/C1) transition regions, from methohexital-anesthetized male rats. Thirty-nine Vi/Vc and 26 Vc/C1 neurons that responded to mechanical and electrical stimulation of the cornea were examined for convergent cutaneous receptive fields, responses to natural stimulation of the corneal surface by CO2 pulses (0, 30, 60, 80, and 95%), effects of morphine, and projections to the contralateral thalamus. Forty-six percent of mechanically sensitive Vi/Vc neurons and 58% of Vc/C1 neurons were excited by CO2 stimulation. The evoked activity of most cells occurred at 60% CO2 after a delay of 7–22 s. At the Vi/Vc transition three response patterns were seen. Type I cells ( n = 11) displayed an increase in activity with increasing CO2 concentration. Type II cells ( n = 7) displayed a biphasic response, an initial inhibition followed by excitation in which the magnitude of the excitatory phase was dependent on CO2 concentration. A third category of Vi/Vc cells (type III, n = 3) responded to CO2 pulses only after morphine administration (>1.0 mg/kg). At the Vc/C1 transition, all CO2-responsive cells ( n = 15) displayed an increase in firing rates with greater CO2 concentration, similar to the pattern of type I Vi/Vc cells. Comparisons of the effects of CO2 pulses on Vi/Vc type I units, Vi/Vc type II units, and Vc/C1 corneal units revealed no significant differences in threshold intensity, stimulus encoding, or latency to sustained firing. Morphine (0.5–3.5 mg/kg iv) enhanced the CO2-evoked activity of 50% of Vi/Vc neurons tested, whereas all Vc/C1 cells were inhibited in a dose-dependent, naloxone-reversible manner. Stimulation of the contralateral posterior thalamic nucleus antidromically activated 37% of Vc/C1 corneal units; however, no effective sites were found within the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus or nucleus submedius. None of the Vi/Vc corneal units tested were antidromically activated from sites within these thalamic regions. Corneal-responsive neurons in the Vi/Vc and Vc/C1 regions likely serve different functions in ocular nociception, a conclusion reflected more by the difference in sensitivity to analgesic drugs and efferent projection targets than by the CO2 stimulus intensity encoding functions. Collectively, the properties of Vc/C1 corneal neurons were consistent with a role in the sensory-discriminative aspects of ocular pain due to chemical irritation. The unique and heterogeneous properties of Vi/Vc corneal neurons suggested involvement in more specialized ocular functions such as reflex control of tear formation or eye blinks or recruitment of antinociceptive control pathways.

Input patterns and pathways from the six semicircular canals to motoneurons of neck muscles. I. The multifidus muscle group

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 2691-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Shinoda ◽  
Y. Sugiuchi ◽  
T. Futami ◽  
N. Ando ◽  
T. Kawasaki
Keyword(s):  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Input Pattern ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Multifidus Muscle ◽  
Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
Neck Motoneurons ◽  
Homogeneous Pattern ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The pattern of connections between the six semicircular canals and neck motoneurons of the multifidus muscle group was investigated by recording intracellular potentials from motoneurons in the upper cervical cord of anesthetized cats. 2. Synaptic potentials were recorded in motoneurons of the rectus capitis posterior (RCP) muscle at C1, the obliquus capitis inferior (OCI) muscle at C1 and C2, and the cervical multifidus muscle (Multi) at C4 in response to electrical stimulation of individual ampullary nerves of the six semicircular canals. Excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs or IPSPs, respectively) were evoked by separate stimulation of individual ampullary nerves in all of the neck motoneurons. Virtually all of the neck motoneurons received convergent inputs from the six ampullary nerves. 3. Motoneurons that supplied a single muscle had a homogeneous pattern of input from the six semicircular canals. There were two patterns of input from the six semicircular canals to motoneurons of the multifidus muscle group. RCP and Multi motoneurons were excited by stimulation of the bilateral anterior canal nerves (ACNs) and the contralateral lateral canal nerve (LCN) and inhibited by stimulation of the bilateral posterior canal nerves (PCNs) and the ipsilateral LCN. This input pattern is similar to that previously observed in other dorsal extensor muscles, whereas the other input pattern observed in OCI motoneurons is entirely new. OCI motoneurons at C1 and C2 were excited by stimulation of the ipsilateral ACN, PCN, and the contralateral LCN and inhibited by stimulation of the contralateral ACN, PCN, and the ipsilateral LCN. 4. Most postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) were disynaptic, but there were trisynaptic inhibitory connections between the contralateral ACN and PCN and OCI motoneurons, and between the contralateral PCN and RCP motoneurons. 5. The pathways for mediating these inputs from different semicircular canals to neck motoneurons were determined by making lesions in the lower medulla. Transection of the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) abolished the following potentials: all disynaptic PSPs in RCP motoneurons except the disynaptic EPSPs from the ipsilateral ACN, and in OCI motoneurons, disynaptic PSPs from the bilateral LCNs, and disynaptic IPSPs from the contralateral PCN. Complete bilateral section of the MLF did not affect the disynaptic EPSPs from the ipsilateral ACN in RCP motoneurons, the disynaptic EPSPs from the ipsilateral ACN and PCN in OCI motoneurons, nor the trisynaptic IPSPs from the contralateral ACN and PCN in COI motoneurons and from the contralateral PCN in RCP motoneurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Four Convergent Patterns of Input from the Six Semicircular Canals to Motoneurons of Different Neck Muscles in the Upper Cervical Cord

1996 ◽  
Vol 781 (1 Lipids and Sy) ◽  
pp. 264-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. SHINODA ◽  
Y. SUGIUCHI ◽  
T. FUTAMI ◽  
S. KAKEI ◽  
Y. IZAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Neck Muscles ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Upper Cervical
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