The Power of Villages

Author(s):  
Victor D. Thompson ◽  
Jennifer Birch

While the settings for village formation in eastern North America differ widely, the cultural materials that peoples used to craft village communities and the social processes that played out within them were not so different. The power of villages to create new societal forms developed through processes of emplacement, negotiation, cooperation, and competition at multiple social and spatial scales. As such, the way individuals and groups expressed power operated under different societal constraints than under other kinds of social formations. In this chapter, we consider the several key themes that are important to understanding village coalescence and operation, including social relations, cooperation, power dynamics, kinship, hierarchy, and the rise of large and powerful villages, among others. While we have centered this discussion on eastern North America, we have also situated this regional analysis in a global context in order to illustrate how our understanding of village societies in the area contributes to a broader understanding of world archaeology.

Author(s):  
Gregoris Ioannou

Abstract Drawing on a case study of contemporary employment relations in tourism and catering in Greece, this paper seeks to contribute to our empirical understanding of employment law. Which factors determine the ways in which the law is perceived by employers and workers and complied with, breached or avoided? The main argument of the paper is that not only market forces are relevant here; several other factors need to be taken into consideration, which when combined with market forces can re-regulate as well as deregulate the field of employment. These tend to be informal, locally embedded and influenced by wider social relations. By constructing a simple matrix of employment settings based on locale and seasonality on one axis, and size of enterprise and scope of services provided on the other, the paper demonstrates how organisational and spatial parameters and the social environment interact with market forces and legal forces to shape prevailing norms and to influence the behaviour of parties to the contract for work. It further demonstrates that the structuring of the sectoral labour market is a process determined by broader social power dynamics. Beyond serving as part of the context within which contracting for work takes place, legal rules are a resource to be mobilised by both employers and workers.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Endang Kumala Ratih ◽  
Anik Juwariyah

<p><em>Nowadays social relations in a society are less aware of, be it with nature, society, and society with God, especially in today's young people who are mostly influenced by digital technology that is growing very rapidly and is inherent in life which makes them very focused with cellphones and indirectly make them individualistic creatures. Through this article, the writer hopes to provide insight, especially to young people, that awareness of social relations is needed that can be realized through culture. The relationship between humans and God, humans and nature, and humans with each other has indirectly formed a social relationship, such as the Karo traditional ceremony, which is worship of the spirits of the ancestors in which there are several rituals as an expression of gratitude for a good harvest. . The Karo Day traditional ceremony involves village communities, one of which is in Tosari Village. The relationship between society and God, society and nature, society and each other, which is formed from the implementation of the Karo Day traditional ceremony, indirectly has a social relationship. This relationship was investigated using the social construction approach of Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. Data collection includes: 1) observation, by looking at the phenomena that are directly or indirectly related to the subject and object of research; 2) interview with the perpetrator; and 3) literature study and documents in the form of photos. The results of this study indicate that traditional ceremonies have an important role in maintaining and forming a social relationship. The Karo traditional ceremony is carried out every year by the Tengger tribe who believe in their ancestors, making a community that is full of tolerance, and adheres to values.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><strong><em>Karo Traditional Ceremony, Tengger Tribe Community, Social Construction</em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p><h2> </h2><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Pada jaman sekarang hubungan sosial dalam suatu masyarakat kurang disadari, baik itu dengan alam, masyarakat sesamanya, dan masyarakat dengan Tuhan, khususnya dilingkungan anak muda jaman sekarang yang kebanyakan sudah terpengaruh oleh tekonologi digital yang berkembang sangat pesat dan melekat dalam kehidupan yang menjadikan mereka sangat terfokus dengan handphone dan secara tidak langsung menjadikan mereka makhluk individualis. Melalui artikel ini penulis berharap dapat memberikan wawasan khususnya kepada anak muda bahwa diperlukan kesadaran tentang hubungan sosial yang dapat direalisasikan melalui kebudayaan. Hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan, manusia dengan alam, dan manusia dengan sesamanya secara tidak langsung telah membentuk sebuah hubungan sosial, seperti pada upacara adat Hari Raya Karo yang merupakan pemujaan terhadap roh para leluhur yang didalamnya terdapat beberapa ritual sebagai pengungkapan rasa syukur atas hasil panen yang bagus. Upacara adat Hari Raya Karo melibatkan masyarakat desa, salah satunya didesa Tosari. Hubungan antara masyarakat dengan Tuhan, masyarakat dengan alam, masyarakat dengan sesamanya yang terbentuk dari pelaksanaan upacara adat Hari Raya Karo secara tidak langsung telah terjadi suatu hubungan sosial. Hubungan tersebut diteliti dengan menggunakan pendekatan konstruksi soial Peter L. Berger dan Thomas Luckmann. Pengumpulan data meliputi : 1) observasi, dengan melihat fenomena yang berhubungan langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan subjek dan objek penelitian; 2) wawancara dengan pelaku; dan 3) studi kepustakaan dan dokumen berupa foto. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa upacara adat memiliki peranan penting dalam menjaga dan membentuk sebuah hubungan sosial. Upacara adat Karo yang dilakukan setiap tahunnya oleh masyarakat suku Tengger yang percaya dengan leluhur, menjadikan masyarakat yang penuh toleransi, dan mentaati nilai-nilai.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci : </strong><strong><em>Upacara Adat Karo, Masyarakat Suku Tengger, Konstruksi Sosial</em></strong></p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-291
Author(s):  
Hubert Gendron-Blais

Beyond the social and even the human, sound opens onto the intertwining of movements animating the lived experience. A sonic epistemology considers not only that the acoustic ecologies are enunciative of social relations and power dynamics, but also that they tell about the way reality is lived, experienced, organised: they are expressive, in themselves. This means, for an epistemology of phonosophy, that every perception of a sound implies a conceptual movement, which carries a mental dimension that could become the material for another thinking practice, for a sophia. This article approaches music as thinking in itself: a thought of the sonic. This affirmation will be expanded through the contribution of process philosophy (Whitehead, Deleuze and Guattari, Manning, etc.), which allows a musical event to be considered as an ecology, produced by the encounter of a multiplicity of bodies (human, sonic, technological, etc.). The processes of capture of forces involved and the different techniques required to increase the expressive potentialities of the musical assemblage will be unfolded through the case of Résonances manifestes, a comprovised music piece based on a sound score composed of field recordings from autonomous demonstrations.


Bears ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 271-310
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Waselkov ◽  
J. Lynn Funkhouser

This volume’s case studies recognize the black bear (Ursus americanus) to be among the most socially consequent of species in Native Eastern North America, despite meager remains at many archaeological sites. Indeed, that sparseness offers valuable evidence for the social roles long played by bears. Ethnohistorical sources suggest bear population densities in some habitats were greater than seen today in Eastern North America. Most archaeological assemblages of bear skeletal remains have skull parts and foot bones but lack most other postcranial elements, often reflecting ritual off-site discard of post-cranial remains and feasting on head and feet. Differences in quantities of bear remains, their relative proportions to other mammals, and differing representations of various parts of the bear skeleton are sensitive indicators of a society’s relationship with black bears. We apply precepts of the new animism, or the ontological turn, to animate the zooarchaeology of bears in Eastern North America.


The emergence of village-communities profoundly transformed social organization in every part of the world where such societies developed. Contributors to The Archaeology of Villages in Eastern North America employ archaeological and historical evidence to explore the development of villages among eastern North American indigenous societies of the deep and recent past. Rich data sets from archaeology and contemporary social theory are employed to document the physical attributes of villages, the structural organization and aggregation of such entities, what it means to be a villager, cosmological and ritual systems, and how villages were entangled with one another in regional networks. The result is a volume which highlights the similarities and differences in the historical trajectories of village formation and development in eastern North America, as well as the larger processes by which villages have the power to affect large-scale social transformations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaohong Sun ◽  
Xuebin Zhang ◽  
Francis Zwiers ◽  
Seth Westra ◽  
Lisa V. Alexander

AbstractThis paper provides an updated analysis of observed changes in extreme precipitation using high-quality station data up to 2018. We examine changes in extreme precipitation represented by annual maxima of 1-day (Rx1day) and 5-day (Rx5day) precipitation accumulations at different spatial scales and attempt to address whether the signal in extreme precipitation has strengthened with several years of additional observations. Extreme precipitation has increased at about two-thirds of stations and the percentage of stations with significantly increasing trends is significantly larger than that can be expected by chance for the globe, continents including Asia, Europe, and North America, and regions including central North America, eastern North America, northern Central America, northern Europe, the Russian Far East, eastern central Asia, and East Asia. The percentage of stations with significantly decreasing trends is not different from that expected by chance. Fitting extreme precipitation to generalized extreme value distributions with global mean surface temperature (GMST) as a covariate reaffirms the statistically significant connections between extreme precipitation and temperature. The global median sensitivity, percentage change in extreme precipitation per 1 K increase in GMST is 6.6% (5.1% to 8.2%; 5%–95% confidence interval) for Rx1day and is slightly smaller at 5.7% (5.0% to 8.0%) for Rx5day. The comparison of results based on observations ending in 2018 with those from data ending in 2000–09 shows a consistent median rate of increase, but a larger percentage of stations with statistically significant increasing trends, indicating an increase in the detectability of extreme precipitation intensification, likely due to the use of longer records.


2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Cook

Abstract. In family systems, it is possible for one to put oneself at risk by eliciting aversive, high-risk behaviors from others ( Cook, Kenny, & Goldstein, 1991 ). Consequently, it is desirable that family assessments should clarify the direction of effects when evaluating family dynamics. In this paper a new method of family assessment will be presented that identifies bidirectional influence processes in family relationships. Based on the Social Relations Model (SRM: Kenny & La Voie, 1984 ), the SRM Family Assessment provides information about the give and take of family dynamics at three levels of analysis: group, individual, and dyad. The method will be briefly illustrated by the assessment of a family from the PIER Program, a randomized clinical trial of an intervention to prevent the onset of psychosis in high-risk young people.


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