scholarly journals A Global, Continental, and Regional Analysis of Changes in Extreme Precipitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaohong Sun ◽  
Xuebin Zhang ◽  
Francis Zwiers ◽  
Seth Westra ◽  
Lisa V. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Far East ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Global Mean ◽  
Median Rate

AbstractThis paper provides an updated analysis of observed changes in extreme precipitation using high-quality station data up to 2018. We examine changes in extreme precipitation represented by annual maxima of 1-day (Rx1day) and 5-day (Rx5day) precipitation accumulations at different spatial scales and attempt to address whether the signal in extreme precipitation has strengthened with several years of additional observations. Extreme precipitation has increased at about two-thirds of stations and the percentage of stations with significantly increasing trends is significantly larger than that can be expected by chance for the globe, continents including Asia, Europe, and North America, and regions including central North America, eastern North America, northern Central America, northern Europe, the Russian Far East, eastern central Asia, and East Asia. The percentage of stations with significantly decreasing trends is not different from that expected by chance. Fitting extreme precipitation to generalized extreme value distributions with global mean surface temperature (GMST) as a covariate reaffirms the statistically significant connections between extreme precipitation and temperature. The global median sensitivity, percentage change in extreme precipitation per 1 K increase in GMST is 6.6% (5.1% to 8.2%; 5%–95% confidence interval) for Rx1day and is slightly smaller at 5.7% (5.0% to 8.0%) for Rx5day. The comparison of results based on observations ending in 2018 with those from data ending in 2000–09 shows a consistent median rate of increase, but a larger percentage of stations with statistically significant increasing trends, indicating an increase in the detectability of extreme precipitation intensification, likely due to the use of longer records.

The lichen genusRinodina(Physciaceae,Caliciales) in north-eastern Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. SHEARD ◽  
Alexander K. EZHKIN ◽  
Irina A. GALANINA ◽  
Dmitry HIMELBRANT ◽  
Ekaterina KUZNETSOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
North American ◽  
New Records ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Species Distributions ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
First Time

AbstractRinodinais a widespread, polyphyletic genus of crustosePhysciaceaewithc. 300 species worldwide. A major missing link in understanding its global biogeography has been eastern Asia where the genus has never been systematically revised. Here we review specimen and literature records forRinodinafor north-eastern Asia (Russian Far East, Japan and the Korean Peninsula) and recognize 43 species. We describe two species,R. hypobadiaandR. orientalis, as new to science.Rinodina hypobadiais distinguished by its pigmented hypothecium,Dirinaria-type ascospores and pannarin in both thallus and epihymenium.Rinodina orientalisis characterized by its erumpent apothecia that remain broadly attached, with discs sometimes becoming convex and excluding the thalline margins, ascospores belonging to thePhyscia-type and secondary metabolites absent. Nine other species are reported from the region for the first time. These includeR. dolichospora,R. freyi,R. metaboliza,R. sicula,R. subminutaandR. willeyi. Of particular biogeographical interest are three additional new records that have western North American–eastern Asian distributions: the corticolous speciesR. endospora,R. macrosporaandR. megistospora. Six species have the better known eastern North American–eastern Asian distributions:R. ascociscana(syn.R. akagiensis,R. melancholica),R. buckii,R. chrysidiata,R. subminuta,R. tenuis(syn.R. adirondackii) andR. willeyi, and two have eastern North American–eastern Asian–European distributions:R. excrescensandR. moziana(syn.R. destituta,R. vezdae). Our study begins to close one of the largest gaps in our knowledge of circumboreal species distributions inRinodinaand, together with previous studies in North America and Europe, provides new insights into circumboreal crustose lichen biogeography.Rinodina cinereovirens(syn.R. turfaceavar. cinereovirens) is also reported as new to North America.

New species in the Gymnopilus junonius group (Basidiomycota: Agaricales)

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 293-315
Author(s):  
R. Greg Thorn ◽  
David W. Malloch ◽  
Irja Saar ◽  
Yves Lamoureux ◽  
Eiji Nagasawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Large Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
A New Species ◽  
The Russian Far East

Mushrooms named Gymnopilus spectabilis and G. junonius have been reported widely in North America on both dead hardwood or dead or living conifers. Based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and large ribosomal subunit (LSU), we found that although Gymnopilus junonius (= G. spectabilis s. auct.) is widespread in Europe, South America, and Australia, none of the limited sequences available from North America represent this species. We report five species of this group from North America, including three previously described species, G. luteus, G. subspectabilis, and G. ventricosus, and two new species, Gymnopilus voitkii and Gymnopilus speciosissimus. We recognize a sister species to G. luteus, based on sequences previously reported as G. spectabilis from China, Japan, and the Russian Far East, but, lacking material to describe it as a new species, we give it an informal clade name, /sororiluteus. Another new species in this complex is described from Japan, as Gymnopilus orientispectabilis. Species in this group may be distinguished by their ITS sequences as well as by macro- and micromorphology, substrate, and geography.

Sclerotinia borealis. [Distribution map].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Sclerotinia borealis Bubák & Vleugel. Hosts: Cereals and grasses. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia, Japan, USSR, Russian Far East, Gorki, Kirov, Leningrad, Ukraine, Udmurtskaya, Sverdlovsk, Europe, Finland, Norway, Sweden, North America, Canada, British Columbia, Yukon, Manitoba, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, USA, Alaska, Washington, Montana.

Phenology of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Its Introduced Larval Parasitoids in the Northeastern United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 622-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I Jones ◽  
Juli R Gould ◽  
Hope J Mahon ◽  
Melissa K Fierke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Larval Parasitoids

Abstract Biological control offers a long-term and sustainable option for controlling the destructive forest pest emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, in North America. Three larval parasitoids, Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Eulophidae), and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac, have been introduced to North America from the native range of EAB (northeastern Asia). While T. planipennisi appears to be persisting where it has been introduced in northern United States, S. agrili failed to establish in northeastern states. The more recently identified parasitoid S. galinae was recovered from the Russian Far East and climate matching suggests it should be suited for release in colder climates. We collected data on the phenology of EAB and its introduced larval parasitoids from colonies established in an insectary, growth chambers, and field-caged trees in Syracuse, New York to determine whether asynchrony between parasitoids and EAB or climate could impact establishment and persistence. Phenological data indicated EAB has one and 2-yr life cycles in New York, with parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae available spring to fall for parasitism. Insectary and growth chamber studies indicated S. galinae and T. planipennisi were synchronous with EAB phenology, and field studies suggested both species could overwinter in northeastern climates. Spathius agrili was asynchronous with EAB phenology and climate, emerging when fewer parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae were available and temperatures were not optimal for survival. Our results suggest S. galinae and T. planipennisi are suited for biological control of EAB at the northern limits of its range in North America.

Gymnosporangium asiaticum. [Distribution map].

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Ryukyu Archipelago ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada. Hosts: Quince (Cydonia vulgaris), pear (Pyrus spp.), Juniperus spp. and other hosts. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia, China, Guyot, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Beijing, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East, Ryukyu Archipelago, North America, USA, California, Connecticut, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin.

Plantago asiatica mosaic virus. [Distribution map].

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Plantago Asiatica ◽  
Virus Distribution ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Plantago asiatica mosaic virus. Tymovirales: Alphaflexiviridae: Potexvirus. Hosts: Lilium spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Russian Far East and UK), Asia (China, Hebei, Japan, Korea Republic and Taiwan), North America (USA) and South America (Chile).

Progress in the classical biological control of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America

2015 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah S. Bauer ◽  
Jian J. Duan ◽  
Juli R. Gould ◽  
Roy Van Driesche
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Larval Parasitoids

AbstractFirst detected in North America in 2002, the emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive phloem-feeding beetle from Asia, has killed tens of millions of ash (Fraxinus Linnaeus; Oleaceae) trees. Although few parasitoids attack EAB in North America, three parasitoid species were found attacking EAB in China: the egg parasitoid Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and two larval parasitoids Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In 2007, classical biological control of EAB began in the United States of America after release of these three species was approved. In 2013, release of the larval parasitoids was approved in Canada. Research continues at study sites in Michigan, United States of America where the establishment, prevalence, and spread of O. agrili and T. planipennisi have been monitored since 2008. However, establishment of S. agrili remains unconfirmed in northern areas, and its release is now restricted to regions below the 40th parallel. In 2015, approval for release of Spathius galinae Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an EAB larval parasitoid from the Russian Far East, may be granted in the United States of America. Researchers are guardedly optimistic that a complex of introduced and native natural enemies will regulate EAB densities below a tolerance threshold for survival of ash species or genotypes in forested ecosystems.

scholarly journals Simple scaling of extreme precipitation in North America

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 5823-5846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Innocenti ◽  
Alain Mailhot ◽  
Anne Frigon
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Infrastructure Design ◽  
Simple Scaling ◽  
Intensity Duration Frequency ◽  
Extreme Probability

Abstract. Extreme precipitation is highly variable in space and time. It is therefore important to characterize precipitation intensity distributions on several temporal and spatial scales. This is a key issue in infrastructure design and risk analysis, for which intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves are the standard tools used for describing the relationships among extreme rainfall intensities, their frequencies, and their durations. Simple scaling (SS) models, characterizing the relationships among extreme probability distributions at several durations, represent a powerful means for improving IDF estimates. This study tested SS models for approximately 2700 stations in North America. Annual maximum series (AMS) over various duration intervals from 15 min to 7 days were considered. The range of validity, magnitude, and spatial variability of the estimated scaling exponents were investigated. Results provide additional guidance for the influence of both local geographical characteristics, such as topography, and regional climatic features on precipitation scaling. Generalized extreme-value (GEV) distributions based on SS models were also examined. Results demonstrate an improvement of GEV parameter estimates, especially for the shape parameter, when data from different durations were pooled under the SS hypothesis.

Genetic divergence of human pathogens Nanophyetus spp. (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae) on the opposite sides of the Pacific Rim

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. VORONOVA ◽  
G. N. CHELOMINA ◽  
V. V. BESPROZVANNYKH ◽  
V. V. TKACH
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Ribosomal Gene ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions

SUMMARYHuman and animal nanophyetiasis is caused by intestinal flukes belonging to the genus Nanophyetus distributed on both North American and Eurasian coasts of Northern Pacific. In spite of the wide geographical distribution and medical and veterinary importance of these flukes, the intra-generic taxonomy of Nanophyetus spp. remains unresolved. The two most widely distributed nominal species, Nanophyetus salmincola and Nanophyetus schikhobalowi, both parasitizing humans and carnivorous mammals, were described from North America and eastern Eurasia, respectively. However, due to their high morphological similarity their interrelationships remained unclear and taxonomic status unstable. In this study, we explored genetic diversity of Nanophyetus spp. from the Southern Russian Far East in comparison with that of samples from North America based on the sequence variation of the nuclear ribosomal gene family (18S, internal transcribed spacers, ITS1-5·8S-ITS2 and 28S). High levels of genetic divergence in each rDNA region (nucleotide substitutions, indels, alterations in the secondary structures of the ITS1 and ITS2 transcripts) as well as results of phylogenetic analysis provided strong support for the status of N. salmincola and N. schikhobalowi as independent species.

scholarly journals The extremely high diversity of Collembola in relict forests of Primorskii Krai of Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Kuznetsova ◽  
Anna Bokova ◽  
Alexander Kuprin ◽  
Mikhail Potapov ◽  
Yulia Shveenkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Original Data ◽  
State University ◽  
Primorskii Krai ◽  
Local Species Richness ◽  
Local Species

The diversity of soil animals of relict forest ecosystems in East Asia continues to be insufficiently studied and almost not represented in international databases, including GBIF. This article is based on 7550 records of 175 species which were collected in Ussuriiskii, Sikhote-Alinskii and Kedrovaya Pad’ natural reserves of Russian Far East in 2016–2017. A multi-scale sampling design allowed us to estimate population densities and local species richness of Collembola at areas of different sizes. The work continues the digitization of the collections of the Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPSU) and their publication through GBIF.org, which began in 2019. This article is based on original data including 2377 specimens of springtails from eight forests and 648 soil cores. Within the framework of modern taxonomy, this work represents the first publication of lists of Collembola species of forests of Primorsky Krai. The work focused on the relict protected cedar-deciduous forests. Nine species new to science were described and data on the fauna of the region were significantly revised. Considerable contribution was made to the biogeography of Collembola of East Asia. The design of the sampling allowed us to draw conclusions about the species saturation of springtails at various spatial scales within the habitat: from a few square cm to 100 sq. m. Number of species reached record high values reflecting the benchmark state of Collembola communities of undisturbed old temperate forest ecosystems.

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