SUPPORT FOR OFFSHORE MONOPILE INSTALLATION THROUGH THE TRENCH CUTTER TECHNOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 155 (A3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Spagnoli ◽  
L Weixler
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Drilling Technique ◽  
Hard Soil ◽  
Under Construction

Europe is currently facing an energetic revolution. Several offshore wind farm projects are currently under construction or under planning in North and Baltic Sea. Typical foundation structures for offshore wind farms are steel open-ended monopiles with large diameters up to 6 m. Currently, the monopiles are installed by driving with large impact hammers. However, there are many situations where pile refusal is reached, due to hard soil layers or erratic blocks. Driving and drilling technique is therefore applied. This manuscript briefly describes the trench cutter technology normally used for foundation works on land. Three case histories onshore and one offshore project are discussed and the evolution of the trench cutter technology for supporting the installation of offshore monopile is described.

Support for Offshore Monopile Installation Through the Trench Cutter Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 155 (A3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Drilling Technique ◽  
Hard Soil ◽  
Under Construction

Europe is currently facing an energetic revolution. Several offshore wind farm projects are currently under construction or under planning in North and Baltic Sea. Typical foundation structures for offshore wind farms are steel open-ended monopiles with large diameters up to 6 m. Currently, the monopiles are installed by driving with large impact hammers. However, there are many situations where pile refusal is reached, due to hard soil layers or erratic blocks. Driving and drilling technique is therefore applied. This manuscript briefly describes the trench cutter technology normally used for foundation works on land. Three case histories onshore and one offshore project are discussed and the evolution of the trench cutter technology for supporting the installation of offshore monopile is described.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional survey of physical strains among offshore wind farm workers in the German exclusive economic zone

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e020157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcial Velasco Garrido ◽  
Janika Mette ◽  
Stefanie Mache ◽  
Volker Harth ◽  
Alexandra M Preisser
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Heavy Loads ◽  
Under Construction

ObjectivesTo assess the physical strains of employees in the German offshore wind industry, according to job type and phase of the wind farm (under construction or operation).DesignWeb-based cross-sectional survey.SettingOffshore wind farm companies operating within the German exclusive economic zone.ParticipantsMale workers with regular offshore commitments and at least 28 days spent offshore in the past year (n=268).Outcome measuresPhysical strains (eg, climbing, noise, working overhead, with twisted upper body or in confined spaces, vibration, heavy lifting, humidity, odours).ResultsThe most frequently mentioned physical strain was ’climbing’ with 63.8% of the respondents reporting to be always or frequently confronted with climbing and ascending stairs during offshore work. Work as a technician was associated with a greater exposition to noise, vibrations, humidity, cold, heat, chemical substances, lifting/carrying heavy loads, transport of equipment, working in non-ergonomic positions and in cramped spaces, as well as climbing.Indeed, statistical analyses showed that, after adjusting for phase of the wind farm, age, nationality, offshore experience, work schedule and type of shift, compared with non-technicians, working as a technician was associated with more frequently lifting/carrying of heavy loads (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.58 to 4.23), transport of equipment (OR 2.06 95% CI 1.27 to 3.33), working with a twisted upper body (OR 2.85 95% CI 1.74 to 4.69), working overhead (OR 2.77 95% CI 1.67 to 4.58) and climbing (OR 2.30 95% CI 1.40 to 3.77). Working in wind farms under construction was strongly associated with increased and decreased exposure to humidity (OR 2.32 95% CI 1.38 to 3.92) and poor air quality (OR 0.58 95% CI 0.35 to 0.95), respectively.ConclusionsWorkers on offshore wind farms constitute a heterogeneous group, including a wide variety of occupations. The degree of exposure to detrimental physical strains varies depending on the type of job. Technicians are more exposed to ergonomic challenges than other offshore workers.

Optimization of Floating Offshore Wind Energy Systems Using an Extended Pattern Search Method

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Forinash ◽  
Bryony DuPont
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Pattern Search ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Power Development ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Onshore Wind ◽  
Extended Pattern Search

An Extended Pattern Search (EPS) approach is developed for offshore floating wind farm layout optimization while considering challenges such as high cost and harsh ocean environments. This multi-level optimization method minimizes the costs of installation and operations and maintenance, and maximizes power development in a unidirectional wind case by selecting the size and position of turbines. The EPS combines a deterministic pattern search algorithm with three stochastic extensions to avoid local optima. The EPS has been successfully applied to onshore wind farm optimization and enables the inclusion of advanced modeling as new technologies for floating offshore wind farms emerge. Three advanced models are incorporated into this work: (1) a cost model developed specifically for this work, (2) a power development model that selects hub height and rotor radius to optimize power production, and (3) a wake propagation and interaction model that determines aerodynamic effects. Preliminary results indicate the differences between proposed optimal offshore wind farm layouts and those developed by similar methods for onshore wind farms. The objective of this work is to maximize profit; given similar parameters, offshore wind farms are suggested to have approximately 24% more turbines than onshore farms of the same area. EPS layouts are also compared to those of an Adapted GA; 100% efficiency is found for layouts containing twice as many turbines as the layout presented by the Adapted GA. Best practices are derived that can be employed by offshore wind farm developers to improve the layout of platforms, and may contribute to reducing barriers to implementation, enabling developers and policy makers to have a clearer understanding of the resulting cost and power production of computationally optimized farms; however, the unidirectional wind case used in this work limits the representation of optimized layouts at real wind sites. Since there are currently no multi-turbine floating offshore wind farm projects operational in the United States, it is anticipated that this work will be used by developers when planning array layouts for future offshore floating wind farms.

scholarly journals Current Source Converter Based Offshore Wind Farm: Configuration and Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miteshkumar Nandlal Popat
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Grid Integration ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Current Source Converter ◽  
Grid Side

Recently, offshore wind farms have emerged as the most promising sector in the global renewable energy industry. The main reasons for the rapid development of offshore wind farms includes much better wind resources and smaller environmental impact (e.g., audible noise and visual effect). However, the current state of the offshore wind power presents economic challenges significantly greater than onshore. In this thesis, a novel interconnecting method for permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based offshore wind farm is proposed, where cascaded pulse-width modulated (PWM) current-source converters (CSCs) are employed on both generator- and grid-side. With the converters in cascade to achieve high operating voltages, the proposed method eliminates the need for bulky and very costly offshore converter substation which is usually employed in voltage source converter (VSC) high voltage DC (HVDC)-based counterparts. Related research in terms of control schemes and grid integration are carried out to adapt the proposed cascaded CSC-based offshore wind farm configuration. The large distance between generator- and grid-side CSC in the proposed wind farm configuration addresses significant challenges for the system control. In order to overcome the problem, a novel decoupled control scheme is developed. The active and reactive power control on the grid-side converters are achieved without any exchange of information from the generator-side controller. Therefore, the long distance communication links between the generator- and grid-side converters are eliminated and both controllers are completely decoupled. At the same time, the maximum power tracking control is achieved for the generator-side converters that enable full utilization of the wind energy. Considering inconsistent wind speed at each turbine, a coordinated control scheme is proposed for the cascaded CSC-based offshore wind farm. In proposed control strategy, the wind farm supervisory control (WFSC) is developed to generate the optimized dc-link current control. This enables all the turbines to independently track their own MPPT even with inconsistent wind speed at each turbine. Grid integration issues, especially the fault ride-through (FRT) capability for the cascaded CSC-based offshore wind farm are addressed. Challenges in implementing existing FRT methods to the proposed offshore wind farm are identified. Based on this, a new FRT strategy using inherent short circuit operating capability of the CSC is developed. Moreover, the mitigation strategy is developed to ensure the continuous operation of the cascaded CSC-based offshore wind farm when one or more turbines fail to operate. Simulation and experimental verification for various objectives are provided throughout the thesis. The results validate the proposed solutions for the main challenges of the cascaded current source converter based offshore wind farm.

scholarly journals A Novel Method for Navigational Risk Assessment in Wind Farm Waters Based on the Fuzzy Inference System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Peilin Lv ◽  
Rong Zhen ◽  
Zheping Shao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Fuzzy Inference System ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Natural Factors

Offshore wind power is an effective way to solve the energy crisis problem and achieve sustainable economic development. Aiming at the problems that the navigational risk of ships in the waters of offshore wind farms is difficult to quantify due to complex factors, this paper proposes a method of navigational risk assessment in the waters of offshore wind farms based on a fuzzy inference system. Firstly, through the analysis of the factors affecting the navigation system of wind farm waters, it is found that the navigational risk is affected by natural factors and navigational environment factors. Then, the visibility, the number of traffic flows, the number of encounter areas, and the distance between the sailing route and the wind farm are extracted to evaluate the risk of natural factors and the risk of the sailing environment in the navigation system of the wind farm waters, respectively. Considering the mutual influence of the factors, the fuzzy inference rules of navigational risk influence are established according to the expert experience, and a method of navigational risk assessment based on the fuzzy inference system in offshore wind farm waters is developed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a comprehensive evaluation of the navigational risk of wind farm waters in Changle offshore sea of Fujian Province is carried out, and the evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation. The proposed method has important theoretical significance for the navigational safety supervision of offshore wind farm waters.

The Experiences From the First Rounds of Offshore Wind Farm Installation in the German EEZ (Both Baltic and North Sea) and Lessons Learnt to Achieve Serial Production Status: A Consultant’s Perspective

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekkehard Stade
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Near Misses ◽  
Construction Operation

Offshore wind farms present a lesser safety risk to operators and contractors than traditional oil and gas installations. In the post Macondo world this does not come as a surprise since the risks involved in construction, operation and maintenance of an offshore wind farm are by far lower. Even with higher probability of incidents and near misses (due to serial construction) the severity/ impact of those is considerably lower. On the other hand projects are complex, profit margins are what they are called: marginal. Hence there is no room for errors, perhaps in form of delays. If, for example, the installation completion of the turbines and the inner array cabling/ export cables are not perfectly in tune, the little commercial success that can be achieved is rapidly diminishing by costly compensation activities. The paper will try to present solutions to the most pressing challenges and elaborate on the effect those would have had, had they been implemented at the beginning of the projects. How can a sustainable new industry evolve by learning from established industries? Presently, there is a view that offshore wind is a short-lived business. Particularly representatives of the oil and gas industry raise such concern. Apart from the obvious bias of those voices, this controversy is also caused by the fact that offshore wind seems to have a tendency to try and re-invent the wheel rather than using established procedures. Even with a relatively stable commitment to the offshore wind development regardless of the respective government focus within European coastal states the industry suffers from financing issues, subsidies, over-regulation due to lack of expertise within authorities and other challenges. The avoidance of those is key to a successful development for this industry in other areas of the planet. In conjunction with a stable commitment this is essential in order to attract the long lead-time projects and to establish the complex supply chains to achieve above goals. The paper will look at the short but intensive history of the industry and establish mitigation to some of the involved risks of offshore wind farm EPCI.

Performance Analysis of Offshore Mono-Pile Wind Turbine Co-Located With Floating Photovoltaic Systems in Shark Bay, Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Bahadori ◽  
Hassan Ghassemi
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Shark Bay

Abstract In recent years, as more offshore wind farms have been constructed, the possibility of integrating various offshore renewable technologies is increased. Using offshore wind and solar power resources as a hybrid system provides several advantages including optimized marine space utilization, reduced maintenance and operation costs, and relieving wind variability on output power. In this research, both offshore wind and solar resources are analyzed based on accurate data through a case study in Shark Bay (Australia), where bathymetric information confirms using offshore bottom-fixed wind turbine regarding the depth of water. Also, the power production of the hybrid system of co-located bottom-fixed wind turbine and floating photovoltaic are investigated with the technical characteristics of commercial mono-pile wind turbine and photovoltaic panels. Despite the offshore wind, the solar energy output has negligible variation across the case study area, therefore using the solar platform in deep water is not an efficient option. It is demonstrated that the floating solar has a power production rate nearly six times more than a typical offshore wind farm with the same occupied area. Also, output energy and surface power density of the hybrid offshore windsolar system are improved significantly compared to a standalone offshore wind farm. The benefits of offshore wind and solar synergies augment the efficiency of current offshore wind farms throughout the world.

Application of Offshore Concrete Constructions for Ocean Renewable Energy Storage (ORES)

2014 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 703-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Feng Li ◽  
Su Hua Ma ◽  
Xiao Dong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Ocean Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Storage

Storage of energy generated by offshore wind farms still addresses one of the vexing problems inherent in offshore renewable energy such as offshore wind or solar energy how to store excess energy. Researchers tried to apply concrete in the energy storage of offshore wind farm recently, including the OTEC artificial energy islands, the MITS Ocean Renewable Energy Storage (ORES) and Belgiums energy atoll, and the progresses were reviewed.

scholarly journals Wind Farm Layout Optimization Using a Metamodel and EA/PSO Algorithm in Korea Offshore

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Joongjin Shin ◽  
Seokheum Baek ◽  
Youngwoo Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Layout Optimization ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Metropolitan City ◽  
Wind Potential

This paper examines the solution to the problem of turbine arrangement in offshore wind farms. The two main objectives of offshore wind farm planning are to minimize wake loss and maximize annual energy production (AEP). There is more wind with less turbulence offshore compared with an onshore case, which drives the development of the offshore wind farm worldwide. South Korea’s offshore wind farms, which are deep in water and cannot be installed far off the coast, are affected by land complex terrain. Thus, domestic offshore wind farms should consider the separation distance from the coastline as a major variable depending on the topography and marine environmental characteristics. As a case study, a 60 MW offshore wind farm was optimized for the coast of the Busan Metropolitan City. For the analysis of wind conditions in the candidate site, wind conditions data from the meteorological tower and Ganjeolgot AWS at Gori offshore were used from 2001 to 2018. The optimization procedure is performed by evolutionary algorithm (EA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the purpose of maximizing the AEP while minimizing the total wake loss. The optimization procedure can be applied to the optimized placement of WTs within a wind farm and can be extended for a variety of wind conditions and wind farm capacity. The results of the optimization were predicted to be 172,437 MWh/year under the Gori offshore wind potential, turbine layout optimization, and an annual utilization rate of 26.5%. This could convert 4.6% of electricity consumption in the Busan Metropolitan City region in 2019 in offshore wind farms.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Method to Evaluate Soil Liquefaction Potential of Seabed at Offshore Wind Farm in Taiwan

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1853
Author(s):  
Yu-Shu Kuo ◽  
Kai-Jun Chong ◽  
Shang-Chun Chang ◽  
Juin-Fu Chai ◽  
Hui-Ting Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Method ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Soil Liquefaction ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farm ◽  
Liquefaction Potential ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Simplified Procedures ◽  
Liquefaction Analysis

This paper undertakes liquefaction analysis with simplified procedures with standard penetration test (SPT) data and cone penetration test (CPT) data obtained from an offshore wind farm in the Changhua area. The soil liquefaction resistance calculated by the SPT-based simplified procedure suggested by the Japan Railway Association was in agreement with the laboratory results. The CPT is widely used in the site investigation of offshore wind farms. However, Taiwan’s registered professional engineers are still familiar with soil liquefaction analysis for offshore wind farms using SPT-based methods. Hence, a hybrid method that incorporates an SPT–CPT correlation into the New Japan Road Association (NJRA) method is proposed to evaluate the soil liquefaction potential for offshore wind farms in Taiwan. In the case studies of soil liquefaction with five groups of adjacent boreholes in Changhua’s offshore wind farms, the hybrid method shows that the soil liquefaction potential with CPT data is consistent with the results calculated with SPT-based simplified procedures. To quantify the risk of soil liquefaction, Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the uncertainty of CPT–qc for estimating the probability of soil liquefaction with the hybrid method.

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